Neurobiology and the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence Base

References

• SAMHSA. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• CDC. Deaths from excessive alcohol use in the United States. Centers Dis Control Prevention Retrieved. 2022;11:2022.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. World Health Organization; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Baliunas D, Borges GL, et al. The relation between different dimensions of alcohol consumption and burden of disease: an overview. Addiction. 2010;105(5):817–843. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02899.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gmel G, Shield KD, Frick H, Kehoe T, Gmel G, Rehm J. Estimating uncertainty of alcohol-attributable fractions for infectious and chronic diseases. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11(1):1–12. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson BO, Berdzuli N, Ilbawi A, et al. Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8(1):e6–e7. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00317-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo-Carniglia A, Keyes KM, Hasin DS, Cerdá M. Psychiatric comorbidities in alcohol use disorder. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(12):1068–1080. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30222-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh RK, Weiss RD. Alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders. Alcohol Res. 2019;40(1). doi:10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman SB, Haller M, Hamblen JL, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. The burden of co-occurring alcohol use disorder and PTSD in US Military veterans: comorbidities, functioning, and suicidality. Psychol Addictive Behav. 2018;32(2):224. doi:10.1037/adb0000348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venegas A, Donato S, Meredith LR, Ray LA. Understanding low treatment seeking rates for alcohol use disorder: a narrative review of the literature and opportunities for improvement. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2021;47(6):664–679. doi:10.1080/00952990.2021.1969658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekonen T, Chan GC, Connor J, Hall W, Hides L, Leung J. Treatment rates for alcohol use disorders: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction. 2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(1):8–19. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Zhao S, Katz SJ, et al. Past-year use of outpatient services for psychiatric problems in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(1):115–123. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.1.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Saha TD, et al. Epidemiology of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. JAMA psychiatry. 2015;72(8):757–766. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0584
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(7):830–842. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.7.830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIAAA. Alcohol Facts and Statistics. National Institute Alcohol Abuse Alcoholism. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Clapp P, Bhave SV, Hoffman PL. How adaptation of the brain to alcohol leads to dependence: a pharmacological perspective. Alcohol Res Health. 2008;31(4):310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalivas PW, Volkow ND. The neural basis of addiction: a pathology of motivation and choice. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(8):1403–1413. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF, Le Moal M. Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu Rev Psychol. 2008;59(1):29–53. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF, Le Moal M. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;24(2):97–129. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00195-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob GF. Theoretical frameworks and mechanistic aspects of alcohol addiction: alcohol addiction as a reward deficit disorder. Behav Neurobiol Alcohol Addiction. 2013;3–30.
   Google Scholar
• Engel GL. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129–136. doi:10.1126/science.847460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing J. Biopsychosocial approaches to drinking and alcoholism. WE Fann. 1980;1:56.
   Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Grodin EN. Clinical neuroscience of addiction: what clinical psychologists need to know and why. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2021;17(1):465–493. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-114309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pautassi RM, Camarini R, Quadros IM, Miczek KA, Israel Y. Genetic and environmental influences on ethanol consumption: perspectives from preclinical research. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(6):976–987. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01172.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda JR, Reynolds E, Ray L, et al. Preliminary evidence for a gene–environment interaction in predicting alcohol use disorders in adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(2):325–331. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01897.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKillop J, Ray LA. The etiology of addiction: a contemporary biopsychosocial approach. Integrating Psychol Pharmacological Treatments Addictive Disorders. 2017;32–53.
   Google Scholar
• Dick DM, Kendler KS. The impact of gene–environment interaction on alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Res. 2012;34(3):318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhulst B, Neale MC, Kendler KS. The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Med. 2015;45(5):1061–1072. doi:10.1017/S0033291714002165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tawa EA, Hall SD, Lohoff FW. Overview of the genetics of alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Alcoholism. 2016;51(5):507–514. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agw046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Zwaluw CS, Van Den Wildenberg E, Wiers RW, et al. Polymorphisms in the µ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) and the implications for alcohol dependence in humans. Pharmacogenomics. 2007;8(10):1427–1436. doi:10.2217/14622416.8.10.1427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Marmet S, Anderson P, et al. Defining substance use disorders: do we really need more than heavy use? Alcohol Alcoholism. 2013;48(6):633–640. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agt127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkiewitz K, Kranzler HR, Hallgren KA, et al. Drinking risk level reductions associated with improvements in physical health and quality of life among individuals with alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(12):2453–2465. doi:10.1111/acer.13897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jellinek EM. The disease concept of alcoholism. Int J Med. 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Cloninger CR, Bohman M, Sigvardsson S. Inheritance of alcohol abuse: cross-fostering analysis of adopted men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38(8):861–868. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780330019001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor TF, Hofmann M, DelBoca FK, et al. Types of alcoholics, I: evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(8):599–608. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080007002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss HB, Chen CM, H-y Y. Subtypes of alcohol dependence in a nationally representative sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;91(2–3):149–158. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesch OM, Walter HE. Subtypes of alcoholism and their role in therapy. Alcohol Alcoholism. 1996;31(1):63–68. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a008221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5^®). American Psychiatric Pub; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Granero R, et al. The predictive capacity of DSM-5 symptom severity and impulsivity on response to cognitive-behavioral therapy for gambling disorder: a 2-year longitudinal study. Eur Psychiatry. 2019;55:67–73. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazzino TL, Rose GL, Burt KB, Helzer JE. A test of the DSM-5 severity scale for alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;141:39–43. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donato S, Green R, Ray LA. Alcohol use disorder severity moderates clinical response to varenicline. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021;45(9):1877–1887. doi:10.1111/acer.14674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Insel T, Cuthbert B, Garvey M, et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. Am Psychiatric Assoc. 2010;167(7):748–751. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark LA, Cuthbert B, Lewis-Fernández R, Narrow WE, Reed GM. Three approaches to understanding and classifying mental disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Psychol Sci Public Interest. 2017;18(2):72–145. doi:10.1177/1529100617727266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwako LE, Momenan R, Litten RZ, Koob GF, Goldman D. Addictions neuroclinical assessment: a neuroscience-based framework for addictive disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;80(3):179–189. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwako LE, Momenan R, Grodin EN, Litten RZ, Koob GF, Goldman D. Addictions neuroclinical assessment: a reverse translational approach. Neuropharmacology. 2017;122:254–264. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwako LE, Schwandt ML, Ramchandani VA, et al. Neurofunctional domains derived from deep behavioral phenotyping in alcohol use disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176(9):744–753. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18030357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto SJ, Grodin EN, Green R, Ray LA. Evaluation of the Addictions Neuroclinical Assessment (ANA) framework through deep phenotyping of problem drinkers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;221:108603. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witkiewitz K, Roos CR, Mann K, Kranzler HR. Advancing precision medicine for alcohol use disorder: replication and extension of reward drinking as a predictor of naltrexone response. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(11):2395–2405. doi:10.1111/acer.14183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann K, Roos CR, Hoffmann S, et al. Precision medicine in alcohol dependence: a controlled trial testing pharmacotherapy response among reward and relief drinking phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43(4):891–899. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Goldstein RB, Smith SM, et al. The Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5 (AUDADIS-5): reliability of substance use and psychiatric disorder modules in a general population sample. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:27–33. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Bujarski S, Grodin E, et al. State-of-the-art behavioral and pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2019;45(2):124–140. doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1528265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason BJ, Heyser CJ. Alcohol use disorder: the role of medication in recovery. Alcohol Res. 2021;41(1). doi:10.35946/arcr.v41.1.07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKillop J, Stojek M, VanderBroek-Stice L, Owens MM. Evidence-based treatment for alcohol use disorders: a review through the lens of the theory× efficacy matrix. Int J Med. 2018:57.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell EJ, Lawrence AJ, Perry CJ. New steps for treating alcohol use disorder. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235(6):1759–1773. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4887-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, et al. Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1889–1900. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• APA. The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Patients with Alcohol Use Disorder. American Psychiatric Pub; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Magill M, Kiluk BD, Ray LA. Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Alcohol and Other Drug Use Disorders: is a One-Size-Fits-All Approach Appropriate? Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2023;1–11. doi:10.2147/SAR.S362864
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naglich AC, Lin A, Wakhlu S, Adinoff BH. Systematic review of combined pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder in patients without comorbid conditions. CNS Drugs. 2018;32(1):13–31. doi:10.1007/s40263-017-0484-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray LA, Meredith LR, Kiluk BD, Walthers J, Carroll KM, Magill M. Combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for adults with alcohol or substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA network open. 2020;3(6):e208279–e208279. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van amsterdam J, Blanken P, Spijkerman R, van den Brink W, Hendriks V. The Added Value of Pharmacotherapy to Cognitive Behavior Therapy And Vice Versa in the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorders: a Systematic Review. Alcohol Alcoholism. 2022;57(6):768–775. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agac043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill M, Ray LA. Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70(4):516–527. doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin JE, Bowers CA, Dunn ME, Wang MC. Efficacy of relapse prevention: a meta-analytic review. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67(4):563. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.4.563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF, O’Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2003–2017. doi:10.1001/jama.295.17.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George MS, Lisanby SH, Avery D, et al. Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):507–516. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(11):1208–1216. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichhammer P, Johann M, Kharraz A, et al. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation decreases cigarette smoking. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(8):951–953. doi:10.4088/JCP.v64n0815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Hartwell KJ, Owens M, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces nicotine cue craving. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73(8):714–720. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell MM, Mendelson J, Gryczynski J, Carswell SB, Schwartz RP. A novel telehealth platform for alcohol use disorder treatment: preliminary evidence of reductions in drinking. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2020;46(3):297–303. doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1658197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiluk BD, Devore KA, Buck MB, et al. Randomized trial of computerized cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorders: efficacy as a virtual stand‐alone and treatment add‐on compared with standard outpatient treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016;40(9):1991–2000. doi:10.1111/acer.13162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis-Martin RE, Alessi SM, Boudreaux ED. Alcohol use disorder in the age of technology: a review of wearable biosensors in alcohol use disorder treatment. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:642813. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642813
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gustafson DH, McTavish FM, Chih M-Y, et al. A smartphone application to support recovery from alcoholism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry. 2014;71(5):566–572. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay‐Lambkin FJ, Baker AL, Lewin TJ, Carr VJ. Computer‐based psychological treatment for comorbid depression and problematic alcohol and/or cannabis use: a randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. Addiction. 2009;104(3):378–388. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02444.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hester RK, Delaney HD. Behavioral Self-Control Program for Windows: results of a controlled clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65(4):686. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.65.4.686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiluk BD, Ray LA, Walthers J, Bernstein M, Tonigan JS, Magill M. Technology‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral interventions for alcohol use: a meta‐analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(11):2285–2295. doi:10.1111/acer.14189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bewick BM, Trusler K, Barkham M, Hill AJ, Cahill J, Mulhern B. The effectiveness of web-based interventions designed to decrease alcohol consumption—a systematic review. Prev Med. 2008;47(1):17–26. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler LA, Holt SL, Joshi D. Mobile technology-based interventions for adult users of alcohol: a systematic review of the literature. Addict Behav. 2016;62:25–34. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintz CM, Hartz SM, Fisher SL, et al. A cascade of care for alcohol use disorder: using 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data to identify gaps in past 12‐month care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2021;45(6):1276–1286. doi:10.1111/acer.14609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mekonen T, Chan GC, Connor J, Hall W, Hides L, Leung J. Treatment rates for alcohol use disorders: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction. 2021;116(10):2617–2634. doi:10.1111/add.15357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant BF, Chou SP, Saha TD, et al. Prevalence of 12-month alcohol use, high-risk drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder in the United States, 2001-2002 to 2012-2013: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. JAMA psychiatry. 2017;74(9):911–923. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.2161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris AH, Oliva E, Bowe T, Humphreys KN, Kivlahan DR, Trafton JA. Pharmacotherapy of alcohol use disorders by the Veterans Health Administration: patterns of receipt and persistence. Psychiatric Services. 2012;63(7):679–685. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201000553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittenberg A, Hines AL, Alvanzo AA, Chander G. Correlates of alcohol use disorder pharmacotherapy receipt in medically insured patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;214:108174. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIAAA. Alcohol Facts and Statistics; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Han B, Jones CM, Einstein EB, Powell PA, Compton WM. Use of medications for alcohol use disorder in the US: results from the 2019 National Survey on drug use and health. JAMA psychiatry. 2021;78(8):922–924. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallgren KA, Witwer E, West I, et al. Prevalence of documented alcohol and opioid use disorder diagnoses and treatments in a regional primary care practice-based research network. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2020;110:18–27. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2019.11.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallach JD, Rhee TG, Edelman EJ, Shah ND, O’Malley SS, Ross JS. US Prescribing of On-and-Off-Label Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder in Outpatient Visits: NAMCS 2014 to 2016. J Gen Intern Med. 2022;37(2):495–498. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06668-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biernacka JM, Coombes BJ, Batzler A, et al. Genetic contributions to alcohol use disorder treatment outcomes: a genome-wide pharmacogenomics study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021;46(12):2132–2139. doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01097-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodin EN, Montoya AK, Cruz A, Donato S, Baskerville W-A, Ray LA. Identifying Treatment Responders to Varenicline for Alcohol Use Disorder Using Two Machine-Learning Approaches. Clin Psychol Sci. 2022;21677026231169922.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar