“We will tell when we are ready”: perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and self-disclosure of their status in Eswatini

References

• Barker, D., Enimil, A., Galárraga, O., Bosomtwe, D., Mensah, N., Thamotharan, S., Henebeng, E., Brown, L., & Kwara, A. (2019). In-clinic adolescent peer group support for engagement in sub-Saharan Africa: a feasibility and acceptability trial. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958219835786
   Google Scholar
• Belle, J. A., & Gamedze, N. N. (2019). Behavioral factors contributing to the transmission of HIV and AIDS amongst young women of Mbabane in Swaziland. African Health Sciences, 19(3), 2302–2311. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v19i3.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergam, S., Kuo, C., Atujuna, M., Pellowski, J. A., Mtukushe, B., Ndevu-Qwabe, N., Matiwane, M., Rencken, C. A., Belsky, M., Hoare, J., Bekker, L. G., & Harrison, A. D. (2022). “We should be taught self-respect, self-confidence and self-love”: Youth perspectives of adult influences on their sexuality and relationships among South African adolescents living with HIV. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 4, 913170. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2022.913170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bradshaw, C., Atkinson, S., & Doody, O. (2017). Employing a qualitative description approach in health care research. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 4, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333393617742282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research:techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (4th edn). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Dalal, S., Johnson, C., Fonner, V., Kennedy, C. E., Siegfried, N., Figueroa, C., & Baggaley, R. (2017). Improving HIV test uptake and case finding with assisted partner notification services. AIDS, 31(13), 1867–1876. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eswatini Government. (2022). Eswatini population-based HIV impact assessment 3. Central Statistical Office, Eswatini.
   Google Scholar
• Filho, B., Hofer, C. B., Machado, E. S., Abreu, T. F., Frota, A. C. C., Oliveira, R. H., & Cardoso, G. C. P. (2020). HIV diagnosis disclosure: searching for its meaning and how it is perceived by a group of vertically infected adolescents / young adults – a qualitative perspective. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 15(4), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450128.2020.1773701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbidon, K., Chenneville, T., Peless, T., & Sheared-Evans, S. (2020). Self-disclosure of HIV status among youth living with HIV: A global systematic review. AIDS & Behaviour, 24(1), 114–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02478-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galano, E., Turato, E. R., Succi, R. C., de Souza Marques, H. H., Della Negra, M., da Silva, M. H., do Carmo, F. B., Gouvea, A. F. B., Delmas, P., Côté, J., & Machado, D. M. (2017). Costs and benefits of secrecy: the dilemma experienced by adolescents seropositive for HIV. AIDS Care, 29(3), 394–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1248891
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogwood, J., Campbell, T., & Butler, S. (2013). I wish I could tell you but I can’t: Adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV and their dilemmas around self-disclosure. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 18(1), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104511433195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, D., McCallum, J., & Howes, D. (2018). Defining exploratory-descriptive qualitative (EDQ) research and considering its application to healthcare. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/180272/
   Google Scholar
• Jimu, C., Govender, K., Kanyemba, R., & Ngbesso, M.-J. O. (2021). Experiences of intimate relationships, stigma, social support and treatment adherence among HIV-positive adolescents in Chiredzi district, Zimbabwe. African Journal of AIDS Research, 20(3), 214–223. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2021.1979059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidman, R., & Violari, A. (2020). Growing up positive: adolescent HIV disclosure to sexual partners and others. AIDS Care, 32(12), 1565–1572. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1736260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loveday, M., Furin, J., Hlangu, S., Mthethwa, T., & Naidoo, T. (2022). “If I am playing football, I forget that I have this virus”: the challenges and coping strategies of adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 796. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07780-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madiba, S., & Mokgatle, M. (2016). Perceptions and experiences about self-disclosure of HIV status among adolescents with perinatal acquired HIV in poor-resourced communities in South Africa. AIDS Research and Treatment, 2016, 2607249. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2607249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maseko, Y., & Madiba, S. (2020). Pain, anger, and the fear of being discovered persist long after the disclosure of HIV serostatus among adolescents with perinatal HIV in rural communities in South Africa. Children, 7(12), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7120261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mlilo, P., Dziva, C., Moyo, V. P., Ndondo, N. L., Ndlovu, Z., & Muyambo, N. (2020). “Growing up and growing old with HIV”: HIV+ adolescents’ experiences of disclosing statuses to romantic partners in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. African Journal of AIDS Research, 19(4), 312–322. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2020.1841011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugo, C., Seeh, D., Guthrie, B., Moreno, M., Kumar, M., John-Stewart, G., Inwani, I., & Ronen, K. (2021). Association of experienced and internalized stigma with self-disclosure of HIV status by youth living with HIV. AIDS and Behaviour, 25(7), 2084–2093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03137-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabunya, P., Byansi, W., Sensoy Bahar, O., McKay, M., Ssewamala, F. M., & Damulira, C. (2020). Factors associated with HIV disclosure and HIV-related stigma among adolescents living with HIV in southwestern Uganda. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 772. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nöstlinger, C., Bakeera-Kitaka, S., Buyze, J., Loos, J., & Buvé, A. (2015). Factors influencing social self-disclosure among adolescents living with HIV in Eastern Africa. AIDS Care, 27(S1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1051501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nsibandze, B. S., Downing, C., Poggenpoel, M., & Myburgh, C. P. H. (2020). Experiences of grandmothers caring for female adolescents living with HIV in rural Manzini, Eswatini: a caregiver stress model perspective. African Journal of AIDS Research, 19(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2020.1758735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okawa, S., Mwanza-Kabaghe, S., Mwiya, M., Kikuchi, K., Jimba, M., Kankasa, C., & Ishikawa, N. (2017). Adolescents’ experiences and their suggestions for HIV serostatus disclosure in Zambia: A mixed-methods study. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.00326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okawa, S., Mwanza-Kabaghe, S., Mwiya, M., Kikuchi, K., Jimba, M., Kankasa, C., & Ishikawa, N. (2018). Sexual and reproductive health behavior and unmet needs among a sample of adolescents living with HIV in Zambia: a cross-sectional study. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0493-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olumide, A., & Owoaje, E. (2020). Patterns and predictors of disclosure of HIV positive status among youth living with HIV in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 32(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0086
   Google Scholar
• Otieno, J., & Obuya, J. (2019). “The silenced generation”: The communication experiences of HIV-positive adolescents in Kenya. Communicatio, 45(2), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2019.1628082
   Google Scholar
• Rich, C., Mavhu, W., France, N. F., Munatsi, V., Byrne, E., Willis, N., & Nolan, A. (2022). Exploring the beliefs, experiences and impacts of HIV-related self-stigma amongst adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Harare, Zimbabwe: A qualitative study. PloS One, 17(5), e0268498. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoth, C. A., Tucker, C., Leahy, M., & Stewart, S. M. (2014). Self-disclosure of serostatus by youth who are HIV-positive: a review. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9485-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toska, E., Cluver, L. D., Hodes, R., & Kidia, K. K. (2015). Sex and secrecy: How HIV-status disclosure affects safe sex among HIV-positive adolescents. AIDS Care, 27(S1), 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1071775
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2022). Global HIV statistics factsheet 2022. https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.Pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2019). For every child, every right: The Convention on the Rights of the Child at a crossroads. https://www.unicef.org/reports/convention-rights-child-crossroads-2019
   Google Scholar
• Van Zantvliet, P. I., Ivanova, K., & Verbakel, E. (2020). Adolescents’ involvement in romantic relationships and problem behavior: The moderating effect of peer norms. Youth & Society, 52(4), 574–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X17753643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis, N., Napei, T., Armstrong, A., Jackson, H., Apollo, T., Mushavi, A., Ncube, G., & Cowan, F. M. (2018). Zvandiri – bringing a differentiated service delivery program to scale for children, adolescents, and young people in Zimbabwe. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 78, s115–s123. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2016). Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for key populations. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/246200/9789241511124-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar