A national survey of management of patients aged over 75 years undergoing elective and emergency laparotomy

References

• Bridgewater B, Grayson AD, Jackson M, et al. North West Quality Improvement Programme in Cardiac Interventions. Surgeon specific mortality in adult cardiac surgery: compar-ison between crude and risk stratified data. Br Med J 2003; 327:13–7.
   Google Scholar
• Tekkis PP, Poloniecki JD, Thompson MR, Stamatakis JD. Operative mortality in colorectal cancer: prospective national study. Br Med J 2003;327:1196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayly PJ, Matthews JN, Dobson PM, Price ML, Thomas DG. In-hospital mortality from abdominal aortic surgery in Great Britain and Ireland: Vascular Anaesthesia Society audit. Br J Surg 2001;88:687–92.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison D, Brady A, Rowan K. Case mix, outcome and length of stay for admissions to adult, general critical care units in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Pro-gramme Database. Crit Care 2004;9 (Suppl. 3):S1–13.
   Google Scholar
• NCEPOD. Extremes of age. The 1999 report of the national enquiry into perioperative deaths. London: NCEPOD; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• NCEPOD. Functioning as a team? The 2002 report of the confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths. London: NCEPOD; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Expodata/Spreadsheets/ D8915.xls (accessed April 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Walton B, Farrow C, Cook TM. A national survey of epidural use and management in elderly patients undergoing elective and emergency laparotomy. Anaesthesia 2006;61:456–61.
   Google Scholar
• Akoh JA, Mathew AM, Chalmers JW, Finlayson A, Auld GD. Audit of major gastrointestinal surgery in patients aged 80 years or over. J R Coll Surg Ed 1994;39: 208–13.
   Google Scholar
• Wright JC, Plenderleith L, Ridley SA. Long term survival following intensive care: subgroup analysis and comparison with the general population. Anaesthesia 2003;58:637–42.
   Google Scholar
• NCEPOD. Changing the way we operate. The 2001 report of the confidential enquiry into perioperative deaths. London: NCEPOD; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Boyd 0, Grounds RNI, Bennett ED. A randomized clinical trial of the effect of deliberate perioperative increase in oxygen delivery on mortality in high risk surgical patients. JAMA 1993;270:2699–707.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson J, Woods I, Fawcett J, et al. Reducing the risk of major elective surgery: randomised controlled trial of preoperative optimisation of oxygen delivery. Br Med J 1999;318:1099–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Manji M. A survey of pre-operative optimisation of high risk surgical patients undergoing major elective surgery. Anaesthesia 2001;56:988–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearse R, Dawson D, Fawcett J, Rhodes A, Grounds RN, Bennett ED. Early goal-directed therapy after major surgery reduces complications and duration of hospital stay. A randomised controlled trial. Crit Care 2005;9:687–93.
   Google Scholar
• Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, et al. Reduction of post-operative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. Br Med J 2000;321:1493–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigg JRA, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al, and the MASTER Anaesthesia Trial Study Group. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359:1276–82.
   Google Scholar
• Nimmo S. Benefit and outcome after epidural analgesia. Cont Ed Anaes, Crit Care Pain 2004;4:44–7.
   Google Scholar
• Gould TH, Grace K, Thorne G, Thomas M. Effect of thoracic epidural anaesthesia on colonic blood flow. Br J Anaes 2002;89:446–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan TJ, Soppitt A, Maroof M, et al. Goal directed intrao-perative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery. Anesthesiology 2002;97:820–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakeling HG, McFall MR, Jenkins CS, et al. Intraoperative oesophageal Doppler guided fluid management shortens postoperative hospital stay after major bowel surgery. Br J Anaes 2005;95:634–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang K, Boldt J, Suttner S, Haisch G. Colloids vs crystalloids and tissues oxygen tension in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 2001;93:405–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day NP, Phu NH, Bethell DP, et al. The effects of dopamine and adrenaline infusions on acid-base balance and systemic haemodynamics in severe infection. Lancet 1996;348:219–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drum LC. Informed consent of incapable (ICU) patients in Europe: existing laws and the EU Directive. Curr Op Crit Care 2004;10:570–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar