FRAX and fracture prediction without bone mineral density

References

• Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, et al. The burden of osteoporotic fractures: a method for setting intervention thresholds. Osteoporos Int 2001;12:417–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Borgström F, De Laet C, et al. Assessment of fracture risk. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:581–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, on behalf of the World Health Organization Scientific Group. Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical Report. WHO Collaborating Centre, University of Sheffield, UK. 2008. Available at http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey EV. FRAX™ and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:385–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Oden A, Johnell O, et al. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int 2007;18:1033–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen ND, Frost SA, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Development of prognostic nomograms for individualizing 5-year and 10-year fracture risks. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:1431–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C. Derivation and validation of updated QFracture algorithm to predict risk of osteoporotic fracture in primary care in the United Kingdom: prospective open cohort study. BMJ 2012;344e3427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Odén A, McCloskey EV, et al. A systematic review of hip fracture incidence and probability of fracture worldwide. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:2239–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, Cooper C, McCloskey EV; the Epidemiology and Quality of Life Working Group of IOF. Worldwide uptake of FRAX. Arch Osteoporos 2014;9:166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briot K, Cortet B, Thomas T, et al. 2012 update of French guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 2012;79:304–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, et al on behalf of the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men from the age of 50 years in the UK. Maturitas 2009;62:105–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B. A revised clinician's guide to the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 2008;93:2463–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Tosteson AN, Melton LJ, III et al. Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:449–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010;62:1515–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Cooper C, Rizzoli R, Reginster J-Y on behalf of the Scientific Advisory Board of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the Committee of Scientific Advisors of the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF). European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2013;24:23–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Borgström F, Compston J, et al. SCOPE: a scorecard for osteoporosis in Europe. Arch Osteoporos 2013;8:144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekawasam S, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, et al. A framework for the development of guidelines for the management of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:2257–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippuner K, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R. FRAX® assessment of osteoporotic fracture probability in Switzerland. Osteoporos Int 2010;21:381–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makras P, Paiopoulos G, Lyritis GP. 2011 Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis in Greece. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2012;12:38–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuprez A, Johansson H, Kanis JA, et al. Rationalisation du remboursement des médicaments de l’ostéoporose: de la mesure isolée de la densité osseuse à l’intégration des facteurs cliniques de risque fracturaire. Validation de l’algorithme FRAX®. Rev Med Liege 2009;64:612–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE. Osteoporosis: assessing the risk of fragility fracture. 2014; CG146. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg146. Accessed 18th May 2015
   Google Scholar
• Orimo H, Nakamura T, Hosoi T, et al. Japanese 2011 Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis – Executive Summary. A Report of the Committee for Developing Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis: Japan Osteoporosis Society, Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research, and Japan Osteoporosis Foundation. Arch Osteoporos 2012;7:3–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM, et al. 2010 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ 2010;182:1864–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socialstyrelsen. Nationella riktlinjer för rörelseorganens sjukdomar 2010 – stöd för styrning och ledning. Preliminär version. Artikelnr 2010-11-15. Published at www.socialstyrelsen.se. Accessed 26th June 2015
   Google Scholar
• Watts NB, Siris ES, Cummings SR, Bauer DC. Filtering FRAX. Osteoporos Int 2010;21:537–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Final appraisal determination. Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene, strontium ranelate and teriparatide for the secondary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. London: NICE, June 2008.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Final appraisal determination. Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, raloxifene and strontium ranelate for the primary prevention of osteoporotic fragility fractures in postmenopausal women. London: NICE, June 2008
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of osteoporosis and the prevention of fragility fractures. Edinburgh: SIGN; 2015. (SIGN publication no. 142). [March 2015]. Available from URL: http://www.sign.ac.uk. Accessed May 11th 2015
   Google Scholar
• Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, et al. Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 1998;280:2077–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung MR, Geusens P, Miller PD, et al. Effect of risedronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group. N Engl J Med 2001;344:333–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey E, Compston J, Cooper C. The US FRAX filter: avoiding confusion or hindering progress? Osteoporos Int 2010;21:885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Johansson H, Oden A, Leslie WD. FRAX® with and without BMD. Calcif Tiss Int 2012;90:1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Oden A, Johansson H, Borgström F, Ström O, McCloskey E. FRAX® and its applications to clinical practice. Bone 2009;44:734–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Hiligsmann M. The application of health technology assessment in osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;28:895–910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgström F, Kanis JA. Health economics of osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;22:885–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ström O, Borgström F, Kleman M, et al. FRAX and its applications in health economics – cost-effectiveness and intervention thresholds using bazedoxifene in a Swedish setting as an example. Bone 2010;47:430–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernlund E, Svedbom A, Ivergård M, et al. Osteoporosis in the European Union: Medical Management, Epidemiology and Economic Burden. A report prepared in collaboration with the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industry Associations (EFPIA). Arch Osteoporos 2013;8:136
   Google Scholar
• Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD, et al. Two year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. Arthritis Rheum 2001:44:202–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. BMJ 1994;308:1081–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey EV, Beneton M, Charlesworth D, et al. Clodronate reduces the incidence of fractures in community dwelling elderly women unselected for osteoporosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:135–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reginster JY, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) study group. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:83–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roussow JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:321–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:292–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Barton I, Johnell O. Risedronate decreases fracture risk in patients selected solely on the basis of prior vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:475–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastell R, Lang T, Boonen S, et al. Effect of once-yearly zoledronic acid five milligrams on fracture risk and change in femoral neck bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:3215–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnell O, Kanis JA, Black DM, et al. Association between baseline risk factors and vertebral fracture risk in the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) study. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:764–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus R, Wang O, Satterwhite J, et al. The skeletal response to teriparatide is largely independent of age, initial bone mineral density and prevalent vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:18–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Ten-year fracture probability identifies women who will benefit from clodronate therapy – additional results from a double blind, placebo controlled randomised study. Osteoporos Int 2009;20;811–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Denosumab reduces the risk of all osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women, particularly in those with moderate to high fracture risk as assessed with FRAX®. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27:1480–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung M, Boonen S, Torring O, et al. Effect of denosumab treatment on the risk of fractures in subgroups of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27:211–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux C, Reginster J-Y, Fechtenbaum J, et al. Vertebral fracture with reduction with strontium ranelate in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis is independent of baseline risk factors. J Bone Miner Res 2006;21:536–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johnell O, Black DM, et al. Effect of raloxifene on the risk of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a reanalysis of the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial. Bone 2003;33:293–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman JM, Palacios S, Silverman S, Sutradhar S, Chines A. An evaluation of the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX®) as an indicator of treatment efficacy: the effects of bazedoxifene and raloxifene on vertebral, nonvertebral, and all clinical fractures as a function of baseline fracture risk assessed by FRAX®. Osteoporos Int 2013;24:2561–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Bazedoxifene reduces vertebral and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women at high risk assessed with FRAX. Bone 2009;44:1049–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of raloxifene on all clinical and vertebral fractures and its dependency on FRAX. Bone 2010;47:729–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Jönsson B, Odén A, McCloskey EV. A meta-analysis of the effect of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fracture in postmenopausal osteoporosis and the interaction with FRAX®. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2347–55. With erratum Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2357–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Odén A, et al. Efficacy of weekly teriparatide does not vary by baseline fracture probability calculated using FRAX. Osteoporos Int 2015;26:2347–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey NC, Kanis JA, Odén A, et al. FRAX and the effect of teriparatide on vertebral and non-vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int 2015 June 20. Epub ahead of print
   Google Scholar
• Adachi JD, Rizzoli R, Boonen S, Li Z, Meredith MP, Chesnut CH. 3rd. Vertebral fracture risk reduction with risedronate in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Aging Clin Exp Res 2005;17:150–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siris ES, Simon JA, Barton IP, McClung MR, Grauer A. Effects of risedronate on fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:681–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delmas PD, Licata AA, Reginster JY, et al. Fracture risk reduction during treatment with teriparatide is independent of pretreatment bone turnover. Bone 2006;39:237–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnant M, Pfeiler G, Dubsky PC, et al. Adjuvant denosumab in breast cancer (ABCSG-18): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015;pii: S0140-6736(15)60995-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60995-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensrud KE, Stock JL, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Effects of raloxifene on fracture risk in postmenopausal women: the Raloxifene Use for the Heart Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:112–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE. Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1997;337:670–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson H, Oden A, Johnell O, et al. Optimisation of BMD measurements to identify high risk groups for treatment – a test analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2004;19:906–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Morin S, Lix LM, et al. Fracture risk assessment without bone density measurement in routine clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:75–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johnansson H, Odén A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. Independent clinical validation of a Canadian FRAX tool: Fracture prediction and model calibration. J Bone Miner Res 2010;25:2350–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnell O, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Predictive value of bone mineral density for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:1185–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. Br Med J 1996;312:1254–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johnell O. Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporosis Int 2005;16:229–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Oglesby A, Jonsson B. Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis. Bone 2002;31:26–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Borgstrom F, Zethraeus N, Johnell O, Oden A, Jonsson B. Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis in the UK. Bone 2005;36:22–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, et al. Intervention thresholds for osteoporosis in men and women: a study based on data from Sweden. Osteoporos Int 2005;16:6–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, et al. Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX® – Assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:1395–408 Erratum Osteoporos Int 2009;20:499–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association Suisse contre l‘Ostéoporose. Ostéoporose: Recommandations 2010. ASCO 2010 http://www.svgo.ch/content/documents/SVGO_Empfehlungen2010_V19April2010.pdf. Accessed May 2015
   Google Scholar
• Badurski JE, Kanis JA, Johansson H, et al. The application of FRAX® to determine intervention thresholds in osteoporosis treatment in Poland. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2011;121:148–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2014;25:2359–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Community. Report on osteoporosis in the European Community. Strasbourg: European Community, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians. Osteoporosis: clinical guidelines for the prevention and treatment. London: Royal College of Physicians, 1999
   Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Delmas P, Burckhardt P, Cooper C, Torgerson D, on behalf of the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and Bone Disease. Guidelines for diagnosis and management of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 1997;7:390–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, et al. European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:399–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosteson AN, Melton III LJ , Dawson-Hughes B, et al. and National Osteoporosis Foundation Guide Committee. Cost-effective osteoporosis treatment thresholds: the United States perspective. Osteoporos Int 2008;19:437–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Bianchi G, Bilezikian JP, et al. Towards a diagnostic and therapeutic consensus in male osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2011;22:2789–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Stevenson M, McCloskey EV, Davis S, Lloyd-Jones M. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a systematic review and cost-utility analysis. Health Technol Assess 2007;11:1–256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanis JA, Adams J, Borgström F, et al. The cost-effectiveness of alendronate in the management of osteoporosis. Bone 2008;42:4–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson H, Kanis JA, Oden A, Compston J, McCloskey E. A comparison of case-finding strategies in the UK for the management of hip fractures. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:907–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Lix LM, et al. High fracture probability with FRAX usually indicates densitometric osteoporosis: implications for clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 2012;23:391–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar