Wildlife Tourism
Wildlife tourism (WT), defined as 'tourism based on encounters with non-domesticated (non-human) animals' (Higginbottom, 2004, p. 2), is an important sector in developed and developing countries. WT encounters can be non-consumptive and thus congruent with the tents of ecotourism, or consumptive based on activities such as hunting, fishing, and captive animal sites. The breadth of WT products has been discussed by Reynolds and Braithwaite (2001), who argue that in addition to hunting and fishing, WT occurs in some of the most biodiverse regions of the world; involves artificial sites where animals are kept in captivity; includes special interest groups (e.g., birders); and comprises thrill-offering tours that include dangerous animals engaging in spectacular behaviours.
The literature on WT indicates positive and negative impacts on species, populations, and ecosystems. Positive impacts include breeding and reintroduction programs; anti-poaching; habitat restoration; rewilding; funding from donations, permits and entry fees; and culling to benefit a species or other species. Negative impacts include inappropriate behaviours (selfies, touching, provisioning), breeding specifically for hunting, disruption of parent-offspring bonds, and disruptions to feeding and reproductive patterns.
Animal ethics theories provide guidance on how to disentangle the complexities of use. For example, animal rights advocates for the protection of individual animals (and their inherent value), while ecocentrism focuses on entire species and ecosystems. Animal welfare sanctions the use of animals but only if a certain quality and quantity of care is offered in such use. Accordingly, what is just for animals (and humans) in this intricate and evolving relationship is a matter of some importance for WT, as global principles often clash with local practices.
Edited by
Dr. David Fennell(Department of Geography & Tourism Studies, Brock University)
Sponsored by