Influence of the Sampling Area on the Chemical, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Grewia bicolor(GB) Fiber for Potential Use in the Reinforcement of Tannin Matrix Composites

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study is to chemically, physically, and mechanically characterize Grewia bicolor (GB) fibers harvested in the NGONG locality located in the North Cameroon region for potential use in the elaboration of tannin matrix composites. The fibers are extracted from three zones of the stem (top (T), middle (M), and bottom (B)) by biological retting with stagnant water, and the various standard norms are respected for different tests. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and chemical composition show that GB fibers consist mainly of cellulose (50.73–53.67%), hemicellulose (20.95–24.73%), and lignin (14.26–17.26%). Physical properties give: true density (1.33–1.35 g/cm³), bulk density (0.61–0.72 g/cm³), porosity (48.37–51.4%), linear density (17.28–29.44 tex), water content (13.16–13.59%), water absorption rate (121.86–134.54%), and a moisture recovery rate at 75% relative humidity (11.12–11.76%). Mechanical parameters give Young’s modulus (17.21–29.56 GPa), stress at break (504.71–936.09 MPa), and strain at break (4.65–5.37%). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) combined with Tukey’s test for mechanical properties show that the bottom and middle fibers are identical at the 95% confidence level. GB fibers can be used in the reinforcement of tannin matrix composites with preferable and indiscriminate sampling in the bottom and middle zones of the stem.

摘要

本研究的目的是对在位于喀麦隆北部地区的NGONG地区收获的Grewia双色（GB）纤维进行化学、物理和机械表征，以潜在地用于制备单宁基复合材料. 通过用死水生物脱胶，从茎的三个区域（顶部（T）、中间（M）和底部（B））提取纤维，并在不同的测试中遵守各种标准规范. 傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和化学成分分析表明，GB纤维主要由纤维素（50.73–53.67%）、半纤维素（20.95–24.73%）和木质素（14.26–17.26%）组成. 物理性质给出: 真实密度（1.33–1.35 g/cm3）、体积密度（0.61–0.72 g/cm3）、孔隙率（48.37–51.4%）、线密度（17.28–29.44 tex）、含水量（13.16–13.59%）、吸水率（121.86–134.54%）和75%相对湿度下的水分回收率（11.12–11.76%）. 力学参数给出了杨氏模量（17.21–29.56 GPa）、断裂应力（504.71–936.09 MPa）和断裂应变（4.65–5.37%）. 方差分析（ANOVA）结合Tukey的机械性能测试表明，底部和中间纤维在95%的置信水平下是相同的. GB纤维可用于单宁基复合材料的增强，在茎的底部和中部区域进行优选和不加选择的取样.

KEYWORDS:

• Chemical characterization
• physical characterization
• mechanical characterization
• plant fibers
• Grewia Bicolor (GB)
• ANOVA

关键词:

• 化学表征
• 物理表征
• 机械特性
• 植物纤维

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Mr. Ngue Alain (Second Grade Technical High School Teacher in Mechanical Manufacturing), Mr. Mansassou Claude (Second Grade Technical High School Teacher in Mechanical Manufacturing) and Mr. Temwa Jean Marc (Engineering student at Ecole Nationale Polytechnique de Douala) for their help during the experimental campaign. We would also like to thank Dr. Mewoli Edwige Armel and Mr. Ndounakon Bissiliken Alphonse (PhD student in mechanical engineering) for their support and practical advice in this work. The authors would like to thank Ms. Biloa Otiti Sandrine (PhD student in mechanical engineering) and Ms. Nga Liliane (PhD student in forestry engineering) for their material contributions. Finally, we thank the reviewers of this manuscript for their critical contributions.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author’s contribution

Mbere Taoga Michel: Interpretation of results, drafting and reading of manuscript; Betene Ebanda Fabien: Supervision of work, validation of tests and reading of manuscript; Pizzi Antonio : Methodology, reading of manuscript; Ndiwe Benoit: Supervision of work, validation of tests and reading of manuscript, Noah Pierre Marcel Anicet: Supervision of work, validation of tests and reading of manuscript; Essome Mbang Jonas Peequeur: Interpretation of results, drafting and reading of manuscript; Kibong Kimbi Kevin and Etinge Tabi Akwo :Data collection, César Segovia: Investigation into methodology, reading of manuscript

Conflicts and interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Ethical approval

The authors confirm that this work has no ethical problems.

The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Major points

-The plant fibers come from NGONG in the North Cameroon region;

-The influence of the physical, chemical and mechanical properties was determined according to the location of the fiber on the Grewia bicolor(GB) stem;

-Statistical analysis by ANOVA was used;

-The study fiber is a major potential for tannin matrix composites.

Additional information

Funding

This work has not been financed; the expenses come from the authors’ own funds.