Description of Locomotion Events: Language-Specific Patterns in Child-Directed Speech

Figures & data

Table 1. Participants’ overview.

		Bilinguals Russian-German	Russian	Czech
Number of participants		22	25	25
Gender	Parents	16 female, 6 male	24 female, 1 male	21 female, 4 male
	Children	5 female, 17 male	8 female, 17 male	15 female, 10 male
Age	Parents	Ø 37 years (range 30–44 years)	Ø 37 years (range 30–52 years)	Ø 35 years (range 29–42)
	Children	Ø 4;6 years (range 2;11-5;11 years)	Ø 4;6 years (range 3;0-5;11 years)	Ø 3;9 years (range 2;6-5;8 years)
Language background	Parents	18 bilinguals 4 trilingual (Russian/German/Ukrainian)	25 monolinguals	25 monolinguals
	Children	21 bilinguals 1 multilingual (Russian/German/Ukrainian/Kurdish)	25 monolinguals	25 monolinguals

Table

(1a) Kůň běží do stáje/po cestě/rychle.

Horse-NOM.SG run-IMPFV.3SG into stable-GEN.SG along road-LOC.SG fast

(1b) Lošaď skačet v konjušnju/po doroge/bistro

Horse-NOM.SG ride-lMPFV.3SG in stable-ACC.SG along road-LOK.SG fast

(1c) Ein Pferd reitet zum Pferdestall/die Straße entlang/schnell

A horse-NOM.SG ride-PRS.3SG to the stable-DAT.SG the road-ACC.SG along fast

‘A horse is running to the stable/along the road/fast’

Table

(2a) běžet/běhat-SIMPLEX	při-(do-)/vy-/pře- běhnout-PFV
‘run’	‘run to / run from / run over’ (prefix form)

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(2b) bežat’-SIMPLEX	pri- / vy- / pere- bezhat’-PFV
‘run’	‘run to / run from / run over’ (prefix form)

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(3a) Někdo	v-běhn-e	do dveř-í.
Someone	run-in-FUT.3SG / PFV.PRS.3SG	in door-GEN.SG

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(3b) Kto-to	v-bež-it	v dver´
Someone	run-in-FUT.3SG	in door-ACC.SG
‘Someone will run in through the door.’

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(4a) Někdo	v-běh-l	do dveř-í.
Someone	run-in-PFV.PST.3SG	in door-GEN.SG

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(4b) Kto-to	v-bež-al	v dver´
Someone	run-in-PFV.PST.3SG	in door-ACC.SG
‘Someone ran in through the door.’

Figure 1. Examples of stimuli: (A) control item: an animal heading towards an obvious endpoint (the barn); (B) critical item: an animal heading towards an inferred endpoint (the forest); (C) critical item: an animal heading from a starting point (source – the bush) towards an endpoint (the hole in the tree).

Table

(5a)	Я тут вижу бабочка летит на вот этот вот цветочек
	‘I see a butterfly here flying on this flower’
(5b)	Они улетают в теплые края
	‘They fly towards warm climates’

Table

(5c)	Tak běží domů do stáje
	‘(He) is running home into the stable’
(5d)	Ptáčci letí do těch teplých krajin
	‘Little birds are flying towards the warm climates’

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(5e)	А куда она у нас торопится?
	‘And where is she rushing to?’

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(5f)	A kam ten čáp letí?
	‘And where is the stork flying to?’

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(6a)	Вот она прыгает через овраг
	‘Here she is jumping over the gorge’
(6b)	Она бежит по дорожке
	‘She is walking along the path’
(6c)	Он перепрыгивает скалы
	‘He jumps over the rocks’

Table

(6d)	A ten motýlek letí přes louku
	‘And that butterfly is flying across a meadow’
(6e)	Tady nějakej útes přeskočil
	‘(He) jumped (across) a cliff’

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(7a)	Она прыгнула с камушка головой вниз прямо в болото
	‘She jumped from the stone upside down into the moor’

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(7b)	Tady skáče z tohodle kamenu
	‘Here (he) is jumping from this stone’

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(7c)	Откуда это она прыгает?
	‘Where is she jumping from?’

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(7d)	A odkud běží?
	‘And where (he) is running from?’

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(8a)	Зайчик скачет по полю
	‘The hare is jumping over the field’
(8b)	Вот они летают над лесом, над домами
	‘They are flying over the forest, over the houses’

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(8c)	Husa letí nad rybníkem
	‘A goose is flying above the pond’
(8d)	Skáče po louce
	‘(He) is jumping on the meadow’

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(8e)	А где он прыгает?
	‘And where is he jumping?’

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(8f)	A kde myslíš že skáče?
	‘And where do you think is (he) jumping?’

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(9a)	Они летают все вместе
	‘They are flying all together’

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(9b)	A letí všichni pohromadě
	‘They are flying all together’

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(9c)	Он летит как птица
	‘He is flying like a bird’

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(9d)	Běží jako vítr
	‘He is running like a wind’

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(9e)	Они так косяком летают
	‘They are flying in the shape of an arrow’

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(9f)	А птички как летают?
	‘And how are birds flying?’

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(9g)	A jak utíká ten zajíc?
	‘And how is the hare running?’

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(10a)	И она пошла прятаться?
	‘And she went to hide?’

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(10b)	A letí si takhle nazobat zrníčka.
	‘And he is flying like this to eat the seeds’

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(10c)	Он идет к маме
	‘He is going to the mum’

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(10d)	To je čáp který letí za kamarádama
	‘This is a stork who is flying to his friends’

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(10e)	Синица прилетает к скворечнику, что бы покушать
	‘A titmouse flies towards a feed box to eat’

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(11a)	Птичка летит
	‘The bird is flying’

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(11b)	Ptáčci letí.
	‘The birds are flying’

Figure 2. Whether or not the endpoint is realized for the critical items “start-goal”.

Figure 3. Percentages of the endpoint realized and not realized for the critical items “inferred endpoint”.

Figure 4. The endpoint realized and not realized for the control items “clear endpoint”.

Figure 5. The endpoint realized and not realized for the critical items “start-goal”.

Figure 6. Percentages of the endpoint realized and not realized for the critical items “inferred endpoint” in the first utterance.

Figure 7. A comparison of the distribution of the types of children's utterances.

Table

(12)	M: Co dělá ta vlaštovečka?
	What does the swallow do?
	D: lítá
	(she) is flying
	M: lítá viď? a kam vona letí?
	(she) is flying right? And where is she flying to?