Influence of the Sampling Area on the Chemical, Physical, and Mechanical Properties of Grewia bicolor(GB) Fiber for Potential Use in the Reinforcement of Tannin Matrix Composites

Figures & data

Figure 1. Fibre extraction from Grewia Bbicolor; (a) stem harvesting; (b) cutting into parts; (c) stem bark removal; (d) bark; (e) bark soaking;(f) fibre drying.

Figure 2. Unit fiber support.

Figure 3. FTIR of Grewia Bicolor fibers.

Table 1. Characteristic positions of the FTIR bands on Grewia Bicolor (GB) fiber and their assignments.

Pics	Assignation	References
3334	OH bond stretching (cellulose hemicellulose)	Kılınç et al. (2018); Legrand et al. (2020)
2919	CH and CH2 Stretching and vibration of cellulose and hemicellulose	Kılınç et al. (2018)
1674	Symmetrical elongation of ester groups (C=O) of carbonyls of hemicelluloses also present in pectins and waxes	Obame et al. (2022)
1618	Shearing of OH bonds from free water	Dai and Fan (2011)
1426	CH deformation (lignin) and CH symmetrical curvature2 (cellulose)	Moonart and Utara (2019)
1317	Flexion in the O-H plane or CH household stirring2	Beldjoud and Ghadbane (2020)
1315	Flexion in the O-H plane or CH household stirring2	Beldjoud and Ghadbane (2020)
1032	O-H and C=O stretching vibration (cellulose and lignin)	Mouhoubi et al. (2012)
889 (892)	Symmetrical stretching of CH and OH bonds in cellulose.	Betene et al. (2020)
774	Out-of-plane deformation of water OH bond	Obame et al. (2022)

Table 2. Chemical composition of plant fibers.

Fibers	Cellulose (wt%)	Hemicellulose (wt%)	Lignin (wt%)	References
Flax	60–81	18.6–20.6	14–19	Pereira et al. (2015)
Triumfetta Cordifolia	44.4	30.8	18.9	Mewoli et al. (2020)
Hemp	70–74	17.9–22.4	3.7–5.7	Jeyapragash, Srinivasan, and Sathiyamurthy (2020)
Banana	37.5	27.6	15	Sango et al. (2018)
Jute	45–84	12–21	13–26	Li, Tabil, and Panigrahi (2007)
Kénaf	31–63.5	17.6–21.5	15–19	Gurunathan, Mohanty, and Nayak (2015)
Sisal	65.8	12	9.9	Youmssi et al. (2017)
Ananas Comosus (AC)	68.11	4.9	12.01	Betene et al. (2020)
Recktophillum camerunence (RC)	65.15	7.42	16.2	Betene et al. (2020)
Neuropeltis Acuminatas (NA)	36.08	15. 33	25.15	Betene et al. (2020)
Top	50.73	24.73	14.26
Middle	52.52	20.95	17.01	Present study
Bottom	53.67	21.99	17.26

Figure 4. Apparent density, true density and porosity of GB fibers.

Table 3. Physical properties of plant fibers.

Fibers	Water content (%)	Density Apparent (g/cm)^3	Real density (g/cm)^3	Porosity (%)	Water absorption rate (%)	References
GB (Bottom) GB (Middle)	12.08 10.49	0.69 0.63	1.32 1.29	47.73 51.16	54.2 62.3	Ndiwe et al. (2023)
GB (Top)	14.76	0.61	1.30	53.08	64.2
Kenaf	-		-	-		Faruk et al. (2012)
Sisal	11		1.5	-	198.2	Asim et al. (2015; Béakou et al. (2008)
Palm fiber	-		0.7–1.55	-	276.2	Essabir et al. (2016)
Cotton	-		1.5–1.6	-	-	Asim et al. (2015)
Bamboo	8.9		0.6–1.1	-	-	Ramesh, RajeshKumar, and Bhuvaneshwari (2021)
Flax	7		1.5	-	-	Amiri et al. (2017)
Jute	12		1.3	-	-	Asim et al. (2015)
Hemp	9		1.48	-	-	Rohen et al. (2017)
Ramie	9		1.5	-	-	Nam and Netravali (2006)
Banana	-		1.35	-	-	Ronald Aseer et al. (2013)
Pineapple	13		0.8–1.6	-	-	Asim et al. (2015)
E-glass	-		2.5	-	-	Marimuthu et al. (2019)
S-glass	-		2.5		-	Marimuthu et al. (2019)
Top	13.59 ± 0.11	0.61 ± 0.02	1.25 ± 0.04	51.4 ± 0.01	153.58 ± 0.3
Middle	13.16 ± 0.24	0.71 ± 0.01	1.36 ± 0.02	48.07 ± 0.02	134.54 ± 0.3	Present study
Bottom	13.51 ± 0.1	0.72 ± 0,03	1.39 ± 0,07	48.37 ± 0.1	121.86 ± 0.6

Figure 5. Linear density and water absorption rate of GB fibers.

Figure 6. Mechanical behavior of Grewia Bicolor fibers.

Table 4. Mechanical properties of study fibers compared with other plant fibers.

Fiber	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Young’s modulus (GPa)	Strain to failure (%)	Reference
GB (Bottom)	1127.1$\pm 58$	32.97$\pm 3.20$	3.15$\pm 0.35$	Ndiwe et al. (2023)
GB (Middle)	783.52$\pm 43$	35.18$\pm 2.25$	2.55$\pm 0.25$
GB (Top)	667.78$\pm 38$	30.40$\pm 1.88$	2.48$\pm 0.20$
Kenaf	930	53	1.6	Faruk et al. (2012)
Sisal	511–635	9.4–22	2–2.5	Asim et al. (2015); Béakou et al. (2008)
Palm fiber	80–248	0.5–3.2	17–25	Essabir et al. (2016)
Cotton	287–800	5.5–12.6	7–8	Asim et al. (2015)
Bamboo	140–230	11–17	-	Ramesh, RajeshKumar, and Bhuvaneshwari (2021)
Flax	345–1035	27.6	2.7–3.2	Amiri et al. (2017)
Jute	393–773	26.5	1.5–1.8	Asim et al. (2015)
Hemp	690	70	1.6	Rohen et al. (2017)
Ramie	560	24.5	2.5	Nam and Netravali (2006)
Banana	355	33.8	5.3	Ronald Aseer et al. (2013)
Top	504.08 ± 142	17.21 ± 7.63	5.35 ± 0.8	Present study
Middle	670.15 ± 289	27.91 ± 5.97	4.65 ± 0.97
Bottom	936.08 ± 363	29.56 ± 5.22	5.37 ± 1.21

Figure 7. Mechanical properties of GB fibers.

Table 5. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for mechanical properties of study fibers.

Mechanical properties	Source of variation	Degree of freedom	sum of squares	Medium square	F value	Significant value
Young’s modulus (GPa)	Extraction zone	2	1470.79	735.39	4.6	0.013
Stress at break (MPa)	Residue Extraction zone	69	11022.39 945046.59	159.74 472823.29	4.24	0.018
	Residue	69	769150.17	111480.44

Table 6. Results of Tukey’s analysis test for mechanical properties of studied fibers.

Mechanical properties	Extraction zone A	Extraction zone B	Average difference (A-B)	Significant value
Young’s modulus (GPa)	T	M B	−6.07 −11.04	0.02 0.01
	B	M	−4.97	0.37*
Stress at break (MPa)	T	M B	−204.86 −266.31	0.09 0.02
	B	M	61.44	0.8*

*No significant difference.

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