Nephroprotective Effect of the Leaf Extract of Ajuga remota Benth Against Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice

Figures & data

Table 1 Results of Phytochemical Screening Test of MEAR Leaf

Test	Detection Method	Result
Alkaloids	Mayer’s/Bertrand’s/Valser’s test	–
Steroids	Hesse’s response test	++
Phenolic compounds	Gelatin test	++
Flavonoids	Conc. H2SO4 test	+++
Saponnins	Froth test	+
Tannins	Gelatin test	+
Fixed oils and fat	Spot test/stain test	++
Glycosides	Borntrager’s test	+
Protein and amino acid	Xanthoproteic test	–
Carbohydrate		–
Terpenoids		++
Anthraquinones	Borntrager’s test	–

Notes: +, presence of the expected bioactive compound; -, absence of the expected bioactive compound.

Abbreviation: H2S04, Sulfuric acid.

Table 2 Mean Body Weight of Swiss Albino Mice from the Beginning to the End of the Experimental Day

Mean b/wt. in Gram	Groups (G)
	GI	GII	GIII	GIV	GV	GVI
1^st day b/wt.	30.00 ± 0.63	29.60 ± 0.75	29.8 ± 0.58	29.60 ± 0.75	30.30 ± 0.49	29.30 ± 0.70
5^th day b/wt.	31.30 ± 0.69	28.54 ± 0.77	29.00 ± 0.35	28.64 ± 0.78	29.00 ± 0.63	28.50 ± 0.59
10^thday b/wt.	32.32 ± 0.68^b	24.73 ± 0.69	29.5 ± 0.52^b	26.60 ± 0.93^a	29.38± 0.48^ab	28.92±0.61^ab

Notes: The results were presented using mean± SEM; ^aSignificance difference compared to group I; ^bSignificance difference compared to group II at p < 0.05.

Abbreviation: b/wt, body weight.

Table 3 Effects of Methanol Extract of Ajuga Remota on Serum Creatinine and Urea Level in Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Groups	Variables
	Serum Creatinine Level (mg/dl)	Serum Urea Level (mg/dl)
Group I	0.65 ± 0.06	22.00 ± 2.67
Group II	1.45 ± 0.15^a,d	64.80 ± 4.92^a,d
Group III	0.61 ± 0.03	21.6 ± 1.21
Group IV	1.16 ± 0.12^a,d	51.00 ± 1.98^a,b,d
Group V	1.01 ± 0.06^b,d	39.80 ± 1.32^a,b,d
Group VI	0.76 ± 0.02^b,c	30.40 ± 0.68^b,c

Notes: The results were presented using mean± SEM; ^aSignificance difference compared to group I; ^bSignificance difference compared to group II; ^cSignificance difference compared to group IV; ^dSignificance difference compared to group III and at p < 0.05.

Abbreviation: mg/dl, milligram per deciliter.

Table 4 Effects of Methanol Extract of Ajuga Remota on Serum Electrolyte Level on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice

Groups (G)	Variables (mmol/L)
	Sodium (Na^+)	Potassium (K^+)	Calcium (Ca^2+)	Chloride (Cl^−)
Group I	140.6 ± 0.51	4.86 ± 0.05	9.76 ± 0.10	100.78 ± 0.94
Group II	142.2 ± 0.37	5.06 ± 0.05	9.38 ± 0.13	102.20 ± 0.92
Group III	140.2 ± 0.37	4.88 ± 0.04	9.86 ± 0.04	100.85 ± 0.86
Group IV	141.4 ± 0.25	5.02 ± 0.07	9.50 ± 0.18	103.52 ± 0.42
Group V	141.6 ± 0.40	5.10 ± 0.06	9.40 ± 0.18	101.54 ± 1.01
Group VI	141.2 ± 0.37	5.06 ± 0.08	9.62 ± 0.07	101.2 ± 0.66

Note: The results were presented using mean± SEM.

Abbreviation: mmol/L, millimole per liter.

Table 5 Effects of Methanol Extract of Ajuga Remota on Kidney Weight in Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Variable	Groups (G)
	GI	GII	GIII	GIV	GV	GVI
Mean Kidney relative b/wt.(gram)	0.25± 0.04	0.28±0.09^a	0.25±0.04^b	0.26±0.03^b	0.26±0.02^b	0.25±0.02^b

Notes: The results were presented using mean± SEM; ^aSignificance difference compared to group I; ^bSignificance difference compared to group II at p < 0.05.

Abbreviations: b/wt., body weight.

Figure 1 Photomicrograph renal tissue of the Swiss albino mice (at 400x, stained by hematoxylin and eosin).

Notes: G1: group I; G2: group II; G3: group III; G4: group IV; G5: group V; G6: group VI. Red arrow: dilated and degenerated renal tubules; orange arrow: inflammatory infiltration; black circle: necrosis; white arrow: vacuolization.