Finding Work in the Age of LGBTQ + Equalities: Labor Market Experiences of Queer and Trans Workers in Deindustrializing Cities

References

• Achyldurdyyeva, J., Wu, L.-F., and Datova, N. 2023. Understanding LGBT individuals’ employment environment in Taiwan: A relational framework perspective. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 42 (5): 656–84. doi:10.1108/EDI-02-2020-0042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, P. 1996. The feminization of the labour force: Harmonizing down in a global economy. In Rethinking restructuring: Gender and change in Canada, ed. I. Baker, 29–54. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Balay, A., 2014. Steel closets: Voices of gay, lesbian, and transgender steelworkers. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, T. J., Hayter, R., and Hay, E. 1999. “Too young to retire, too bloody old to work": Forest industry restructuring and community response in Port Alberni, British Columbia. Forestry Chronicle 75 (5): 781–87. doi:10.5558/tfc75781-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barron, L. G., and Hebl, M. 2013. The force of law: The effects of sexual orientation antidiscrimination legislation on interpersonal discrimination in employment. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 19 (2): 191–205. doi:10.1037/a0028350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauder, H. 2001. Culture in the labor market: Segmentation theory and perspectives of place. Progress in Human Geography 25 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1191/030913201672119762.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, M., McPhee, S., and Rogaly, B. 2017. Labour geographies on the move: Migration, migrant status and work in the 21st century. Geoforum 78 (January): 153–58. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.09.012.
   Google Scholar
• Burn, I. 2018. Not all laws are created equal: Legal differences in state non-discrimination laws and the impact of LGBT employment protections. Journal of Labor Research 39 (4): 462–97. doi:10.1007/s12122-018-9272-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciprikis, K., Cassells, D., and Berrill, J. 2020. Transgender labour market outcomes: Evidence from the United States. Gender, Work and Organization 27 (6): 1378–401. doi:10.1111/gwao.12501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colgan, F., and Rumens, N. 2014. Sexual orientation at work: Contemporary issues and perspectives. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Condratto, S., and Gibbs, E. 2018. After industrial citizenship: Adapting to precarious employment in the Lanarkshire coalfield, Scotland, and Sudbury hardrock mining, Canada. Labour 81 (Spring): 213–39.
   Google Scholar
• Denier, N., and Waite, S. 2017. Sexual orientation wage gaps across local labour market contexts: Evidence from Canada. Relations Industrielles 72 (4): 734–62. doi:10.7202/1043174ar.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilmaghani, M., and Robinson, M. 2022. The blue of the rainbow: Queerness and hiring discrimination in blue-collar occupations. Review of Social Economy. doi: 10.1080/00346764.2022.2030491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drydakis, N. 2015. Sexual orientation discrimination in the United Kingdom’s labour market: A field experiment. Human Relations 68 (11): 1769–96. doi:10.1177/0018726715569855.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, M. 2019. ‘Becoming’ Factory Workers: Understanding women’s geographies of work through life stories in Tamil Nadu, India. Gender, Place & Culture 26 (6): 888–904. doi:10.1080/0966369X.2018.1552557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, R. E. 2013. The care economy? Gender, economic restructuring, and job polarization in the US labor market. American Sociological Review 78 (3): 390–416. doi:10.1177/0003122413487197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliason, M. J., DeJoseph, J., Dibble, S., Deevey, S., and Chinn, P. 2011. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning nurses’ experiences in the workplace. Journal of Professional Nursing 27 (4): 237–44. doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2011.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery, J. 2019. Geographies of deindustrialization and the working-class: Industrial ruination, legacies, and affect. Geography Compass 13 (2): art. e12417. doi:10.1111/gec3.12417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnigan, R. 2020. Rainbow-collar jobs? Occupational segregation by sexual orientation in the United States. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6 (January–December). https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023120954795.
   Google Scholar
• Fudge, J., and Vosko, L. F. 2001. Gender, segmentation and the standard employment relationship in Canadian labour law, legislation and policy. Economic and Industrial Democracy 22 (2): 271–31. doi:10.1177/0143831X01222005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Future of Canadian Automotive Labourforce Initiative. 2020. Automotive industry labour market analysis: Women’s participation in Canada’s automotive industry. Trend Report. www.futureautolabourforce.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Trend-report-Diversity-Women-in-Auto-May27-2020-final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gacilo, J., Steinheider, B., Stone, T. H., Hoffmeister, V., Jawahar, I., and Garrett, T. 2018. The double-edged sword of having a unique perspective: Feelings of discrimination and perceived career advantages among LGBT employees. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 37 (3): 298–312. doi:10.1108/EDI-03-2017-0060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, E. 2021. Coal country: The meaning and memory of deindustrialization in postwar Scotland. London: University of London Press.
   Google Scholar
• Granberg, M., Andersson, P. A., and Ahmed, A. 2020. Hiring discrimination against transgender people: Evidence from a field experiment. Labour Economics 65 (August): art. 101860. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537120300646.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, H. M. 2009. Slow growth and decline in Greater Sudbury: Challenges, opportunities, and foundations for a new planning agenda. Canadian Journal of Urban Research 18 (1): 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Hasenbush, A., Flores, A., Kastanis, A., Sears, B., and Gates, G. 2014. The LGBT divide: A data portrait of LGBT people in the midwestern, mountain and southern states. Los Angeles: Williams Instutute.
   Google Scholar
• High, S. 2018. One job town: Work, belonging, and betrayal in Northern Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hollibaugh, A., and Weiss, M. 2015. Queer precarity and the myth of gay affluence. New Labor Forum 24 (3): 18–27. doi:10.1177/1095796015599414.
   Google Scholar
• Keck, T. M. 2009. Beyond backlash: Assessing the impact of judicial decisions on LGBT rights. Law & Society Review 43 (1): 151–86. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2009.00370.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. D. 2019. Gender and working-class identity in deindustrializing Sudbury, Ontario. Journal of Working-Class Studies 4 (2): 79–101. doi:10.13001/jwcs.v4i2.6231.
   Google Scholar
• Köllen, T., ed. 2016. Sexual orientation and transgender issues in organizations: Global perspectives on LGBT workforce diversity. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lewchuk, W., and Wells, D. 2007. Transforming worker representation: The Magna model in Canada and Mexico. Labour/Le Travailleur 60 (Fall): 107–36.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, N. M. 2009. Mental health in sexual minorities: Recent indicators, trends, and their relationships to place in North America and Europe. Health and Place 15 (4): 1029–45. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.05.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, N. M., and Mills, S. 2016. Seeking security: Gay labour migration and uneven landscapes of work. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 48 (12): 2484–503. doi:10.1177/0308518X16659773.
   Google Scholar
• Linkon, S. L. 2018. The half-life of deindustrialization: Working-class writing about economic restructuring. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lovering, J. 1989. The restructuring debate. In New models in geography, ed. R. Peet and N. Thrift, 213–42. London: Unwin Hyman.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, L. R., Sawyer, K. B., Thoroughgood, C. N., Ruggs, E. N., and Smith, N. A. 2017. The importance of being “me”: The relation between authentic identity expression and transgender employees’ work-related attitudes and experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology 102 (2): 215–26. doi:10.1037/apl0000168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, D. 1984. Spatial divisions of labor: Social structures and the geography of labor. London: Macmillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Massey, D. B., and Meegan, R. A. 1982. The anatomy of job loss: The how, why, and where of employment decline. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mazar, A. 2020. Deindustrialization and casinos: A winning hand? New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, L. 2000a. Learning to serve? Employment aspirations and attitudes of young working-class men in an era of labour market restructuring. Gender, Place and Culture 7 (4): 389–416. doi:10.1080/713668883.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, L. 2000b. The trouble with men? Young people, gender transformations and the crisis of masculinity. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 24 (1): 201–9. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.00243.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell, L. 2002. Transitions to work: Masculine identities, youth inequality and labour market change. Gender, Place and Culture 9 (1): 39–59. doi:10.1080/09663690120115038.
   Google Scholar
• McFadden, C. 2015. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender careers and human resource development: A systematic literature review. Human Resource Development Review 14 (2): 125–62. doi:10.1177/1534484314549456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, S., and Owens, B. 2023. Customer abuse and aggression as labour control among LGBT workers in low-wage services. Work, Employment and Society 37 (3): 776–93. doi:10.1177/09500170211045843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mongelli, F., Perrone, D., Balducci, J., Sacchetti, A., Ferrari, S., Mattei, G., and Galeazzi, G. M., 2019. Minority stress and mental health among LGBT populations: An update on the evidence. Minerva Psichiatrica 60 (1): 27–50. doi:10.23736/S0391-1772.18.01995-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paap, K. 2006. Working construction: Why white working-class men put themselves—And the labor movement—in harm's way. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parks, V. 2012. The uneven geography of racial and ethnic wage inequality: Specifying local labor market effects. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102 (3): 700–25. doi:10.1080/00045608.2011.600198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, J. 1996. Work-place: The social regulation of labor markets. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reid-Musson, E., Cockayne, D., Frederiksen, L., and Worth, N. 2020. Feminist economic geography and the future of work. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52 (7): 1457–68. doi:10.1177/0308518X20947101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, C. D., and Stewart, C. O. 2016. Debating LGBT workplace protections in the Bible belt: Social identities in legislative and media discourse. Journal of Homosexuality 63 (7): 904–24. doi:10.1080/00918369.2015.1116341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, M., Saamir, P., Lu, S., and D’Souza, R. 2019. Community needs assessment: 2019 update. Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. https://www.wechu.org/sites/default/files/edit-resource/em-community-needs-assessments-report-2019/cnareport2019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford, T. D., and Holmes, J. 2014. Manufacturing resiliency: Economic restructuring and automotive manufacturing in the Great Lakes region. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 7 (3): 359–78. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabharwal, M., Levine, H., D’Agostino, M., and Nguyen, T. 2019. Inclusive work practices: Turnover intentions among LGBT employees of the US federal government. American Review of Public Administration 49 (4): 482–94. doi:10.1177/0275074018817376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneebaum, A. and Badgett, M. V. L. 2019. Poverty in US lesbian and gay couple households. Feminist Economics 25 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1080/13545701.2018.1441533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. E. 2015. Another place is possible? Labor geography, spatial dispossession, and gendered resistance in Central Appalachia. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 105 (3): 567–82. doi:10.1080/00045608.2014.924731.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. 2015. LGBTQ activism: The Pan-Canadian political space. In Queer mobilizations: Social movement activism and Canadian public policy, ed. M. Tremblay, 45–63. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2016. Dictionary, Census of Population, 2016. Table 4.5 Market based measure (MBM) thresholds for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2015. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/tab/t4_5-eng.cfm.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2017a. Greater Sudbury [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Saskatchewan [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=580&Geo2=PR&Code2=47&SearchText=Greater+Sudbury&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Labour&TABID=1&type=0.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada 2017b. Windsor [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Saskatchewan [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001. Ottawa. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=559&Geo2=PR&Code2=47&Data=Count&SearchText=Windsor&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, K. 2020. Labour geography III: Precarity, racial capitalisms and infrastructure. Progress in Human Geography 44 (6): 1212–24. doi:10.1177/0309132519895308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, F. 2021. ‘Reopen the Coal Mines’? Deindustrialisation and the Labour Party. Political Quarterly 92 (2): 246–54. doi:10.1111/1467-923X.13000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, C., and Weber, C. 2019. Information paper on protection against sexual orientation, gender identity and expression and sexual characteristics (SOGIESC) discrimination. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Thurmond, V. A. 2001. The point of triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship 33 (3): 253–58. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilcsik, A. 2011. Pride and prejudice: Employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology 117 (2): 586–626. doi:10.1086/661653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdes, F. 1996. Unpacking hetero-patriarchy: Tracing the conflation of sex, gender and sexual orientation to its origins. Yale Journal of Law and the Humanites 8 (1): 161–211.
   Google Scholar
• Waite, S., Ecker, J., and Ross, L. E. 2019. A systematic review and thematic synthesis of Canada’s LGBTQ2S+ employment, labour market and earnings literature. PloS One 14 (10): art. e0223372. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371journal.pone.0223372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waite, S., Pajovic, V., and Denier, N. 2020. Lesbian, gay and bisexual earnings in the Canadian labor market: New evidence from the Canadian Community Health Survey. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 67 (June): art. 100484. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100484.
   Google Scholar
• Walks, A. 2013. Income inequality and polarization in Canada’s cities: An examination and new form of measurement. Research Paper 227. Toronto: Cities Centre, University of Toronto.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, M., Strauss, K., Parker, B., Orzeck, R., Derickson, K., and Bonds, A. 2017. Feminist political economy in geography: Why now, what is different, and what for? Geoforum 79 (February): 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.11.013.
   Google Scholar
• White, E. 2022. Going greyer: Northeastern Ontario continues to age, according to latest census. CBC News Sudbury, April 27, 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sudbury/census-age-population-northeastern-ontario-1.6430992.
   Google Scholar