Provenance of mixed volcaniclastic-carbonaticlastic gravity-flow deposits: a case study from the Cretaceous of the southern Central Alborz (Iran)

References

• Adamia, S., Zakariadze, G., Chkhotua, T., Sadriadze, N., Tsereteli, N., Chabukiani, A., and Gventsadze, A., 2011, Geology of the Caucasus: A review: Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 489–544. doi:10.3906/yer-1005-11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agard, P., Omrani, J., Jolivet, L., Whitechurch, H., Vrielynck, B., Spakman, W., Monié, P., Meyer, B., and Wortel, R., 2011, Zagros orogeny: A subduction-dominated process: Geological Magazine, v. 148, p. 692–725. doi:10.1017/S001675681100046X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akmali, S., Asiabanha, A., and Haghnazar, S., 2019, Cretaceous magmatic evolution in the deylaman igneous complex, alborz zone, Iran: Change from extensional to compressional regime: Geological Quarterly, v. 63, p. 757–770. doi:10.7306/gq.1500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavi, M., 1996, Tectonostratigraphic synthesis and structural style of the alborz mountain system in northern Iran: Journal of Geodynamics, v. 21, p. 1–33. doi:10.1016/0264-3707(95)00009-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, M.B., Vincent, S.J., Alsop, G.I., Ismail-Zadeh, A., and Flecker, R., 2003, Late Cenozoic deformation in the South Caspian region: Effects of a rigid basement block within a collision zone: Tectonophysics, v. 366, p. 223–239. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00098-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amajor, L.C., 1987, Paleocurrent, petrography and provenance analyses of the ajali sandstone (upper cretaceous), southeastern Benue trough: Nigeria, Sedimentary Geology, Vol. 54, pp. 47–60. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(87)90003-0.
   Google Scholar
• Amani, K., Delavari, M., Amini, S., and Tabbakh Shabani, A.A., 2020, The late- cretaceous volcanic rocks from Talesh area (western Alborz): Chemical variation, crystallization condition, hygrometry and tectonic setting: Petrological journal, v. 1, p. 29–52. doi:10.22108/ijp.2019.117648.1140.
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong‐Altrin, J.S., Machain‐Castillo, M.L., Rosales‐Hoz, L., Carranz‐Edwards, A., Sanchez‐Cabeza, J.A., and Ruíz‐Fernández, A.C., 2015, Provenance and depositional history of continental slope sediments in the Southwestern gulf of Mexico unraveled by geochemical analysis: Continental Shelf Research, v. 95, p. 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2015.01.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong-Altrin, J.S., Lee, Y.I., Pal Verma, S., and Sooriamuthu, R., 2004, Geochemistry of sandstones from the upper Miocene kudankulam formation, Southern India: Implications for provenance, weathering, and tectonic setting: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 74, p. 285–297. doi:10.1306/082803740285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axen, G.J., Lam, P.S., Grove, M., Stockli, D.F., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2001, Exhumation of the west-central Alborz mountains, Iran, Caspian subsidence, and collision-related tectonics: Geology, v. 29, p. 559–562. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0559:EOTWCA>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydina, F., Sakaa, S.O., Şena, C., Dokuzb, A., Aiglspergerc, T., Uysala, İ., Kandemird, R., Karslı, O., Sarı, B., and Başer, R., 2020, Temporal, geochemical and geodynamic evolution of the late cretaceous subduction zone volcanism in the eastern sakarya zone, NE Turkey: Implications for mantle-crust interaction in an arc setting: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 192, p. 104217–104223. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas, J.H., Hailwood, E.A., McCaffrey, W.D., Kay, M., and Jones, R., 2007, Directional petrological characterisation of deep-marine sandstones using grain fabric and permeability anisotropy: Methodologies, theory, application and suggestions for integration: Earth Science Reviews, v. 82, p. 101–142. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagherpour, B., Mehrabi, H., Faghih, A., Vaziri-Moghaddam, H., and Omidvar, M., 2021, Tectono-eustatic controls on depositional setting and spatial facies distribution of coniacian–santonian sequences of the Zagros basin in fars area: Iran: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 129, p. 1–24. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrier, E., and Vrielynck, B., 2008, Atlas of paleotectonic maps of the Middle East (MEBE program). Commission for the Geological Map of the World.
   Google Scholar
• Basu, A., 1975, Re‐evaluation of the use of undulatory extinction and crystallinity in detrital quartz for provenance interpretation: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 45, p. 873–882. doi:10.1306/212F6E6F-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
   Google Scholar
• Bauluz, B., Mayayo, M.J., Fernandez‐Nieto, C., and Gonzalez Lopez, J.M., 2000, Geochemistry of Precambrian and paleozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): Implications for source‐area weathering, sorting, provenance, and tectonic setting: Chemical Geology, v. 168, p. 135–150. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00192-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berberian, M., 1983, The southern caspian: A compressional depression floored by a trapped, modified oceanic crust: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 20, p. 163–183. doi:10.1139/e83-015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berberian, M., and King, G.C.P., 1981, Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran: Canadian: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 18, p. 210–265. doi:10.1139/e81-019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet, M.F., Korotaev, M.V., Ershov, A.V., and Nikishin, A.M., 2003, The South Caspian basin: A review of its evolution from subsidence modeling: Sedimentary Geology, v. 156, p. 119–148. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00285-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caracciolo, L., Orlando, A., Marchev, P., Critelli, S., Manetti, P., Raycheva, R., and Riley, D., 2016, Provenance of tertiary volcanoclastic sediment in NW thrace (Bulgaria): Evidence from detrital amphibole and pyroxene geochemistry: Sedimentary Geology, v. 336, p. 10–137. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2016.01.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, R., Lowe, D.R., and Cullers, R.L., 1995, The influence of sediment recycling and basement composition on evolution of mudrock chemistry in the southwestern United States: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 2919–2940. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00185-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullers, R.L., 2002, Implications of elemental concentrations for provenance, redox conditions, and metamorphic studies of shales and limestones near: Pueblo, CO, USA, Chemical Geology, Vol. 191, pp. 305–327. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00133-X.
   Google Scholar
• Cullers, R.L., and Podkovyrov, N., 2002, The source and origin of terrigenous sedimentary rocks in the mesoproterozoic Ui group, southeastern Russia: Precambrian Research, v. 117, p. 157–183. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00079-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellenbach, J., 1964, Contribution a létude geologique de la region siluée ’ l’est de Tehran [ PhD thesis]: Strasbourg, Strasbourg University, p. 120.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson, W.R., 1985, Interpreting provenance relations from detrital modes of sandstones, in Zuffa, G.G., ed. Provenance of arenites: Reidel, Dordrecht, NATO ASI Series, Vol. 148, pp. 333–361.
   Google Scholar
• Dickinson, W.R., Beard, L.S., Brakenridge, G.R., Erjavec, J.L., Ferguson, R.C., Inman, K.F., and Ryberg, P.T., 1983, Provenance of north American phanerozoic sandstones in relation to tectonic setting: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 94, p. 222–235. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<222:PONAPS>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, J.D., 1965, A modified staining technique for carbonates in thin section: Nature, v. 205, p. 587. doi:10.1038/205587a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinis, P.A., Garzanti, E., Hahn, A., Vermeesch, P., and Cabral-Pinto, M., 2020, Weathering indices as climate proxies. A step forward based on Congo and SW African river muds: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 201, p. 103039. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehteshami-Moinabadi, M., 2017, Post-triassic normal faulting and extensional structures in Central Alborz, Northern Iran: GEOPERSIA, v. 7, p. 85–102. doi:10.22059/geope.2017.223544.648286.
   Google Scholar
• Ehteshami-Moinabadi, M., Abbasi, E., and Saket, A., 2022, Seismotectonics and consequences of the 1930s large earthquakes in eastern mazandaran, north of Iran: Journal of Mountain Science, v. 19, p. 513–528. doi:10.1007/s11629-021-6958-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehteshami-Moinabadi, M., and Gibson, D., 2014, Fault zone migration by footwall shortcut and recumbent folding along an inverted fault: Example from the mosha fault, Central Alborz, Northern Iran: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 51, p. 825–836. doi:10.1139/cjes-2014-0001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehteshami-Moinabadi, M., and Yassaghi, A., 2007, Geometry and kinematics of the Mosha Fault, south central alborz range, Iran: An example of basement involved thrusting: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 928–938. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehteshami-Moinabadi, M., Yassaghi, A., and Amini, A., 2012, Mesozoic basin inversion in Central alborz, evidence from the evolution of taleqan-gajereh-lar paleograben: Geopersia, v. 2, p. 43–63. doi:10.22059/jgeope.2012.29231.
   Google Scholar
• Ezampanah, Y., Scopelliti, G., Sadeghi, A., Adabi, M.H., Jamali, A.M., Caruso, A., Mohseni, H., and Razmjooei, M.J., 2021, Turonian-maastrichtian biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy of the Kopet-Dagh basin deposits, northeastern neo-tethys, Iran: Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, v. 581, p. 110605. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahpour, M.M., and Hessami, K., 2012, Cretaceous sequence of deformation in the SE zagros fold–thrust belt: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 169, p. 733–743. doi:10.1144/jgs2012-042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedo, C.M., Nesbitt, H.W., and Young, G.M., 1995, Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance: Geology, v. 23, p. 921–924. http://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0921:UTEOPM>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fürsich, F.T., Wilmsen, M., Seyed-Emami, K., and Majidifard, M.R., 2009, Lithostratigraphy of the upper triassic–middle jurassic shemshak group of Northern Iran: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 312, p. 129–160. doi:10.1144/SP312.6.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, K.R., 1971, The biplot graphic display of matrices with application to principal component analysis: Biometrika, v. 58, p. 453–467. doi:10.1093/biomet/58.3.453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillardet, J., Calmels, D., Romero-Mujalli, G., Zakharova, E., and Hartmann, J., 2019, Global climate control on carbonate weathering intensity: Chemical Geology, v. 527, p. 118762. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., 2016, From static to dynamic provenance analysis—sedimentary petrology upgraded: Sedimentary Geology, v. 336, p. 3–13. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., 2019, Petrographic classification of sand and sandstone: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 192, p. 545–563. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.12.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., and Ando’, S., 2007, Heavy-mineral concentration in modern sands: Implications for provenance interpretation, in Mange, M.A., and Wright, D.T., eds. Heavy minerals in use, development in sedimentology: Vol. 58, pp. 517–545. doi:10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58020-9.
   Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., and Ando’, S., 2019, Heavy minerals for junior woodchucks: Minerals, v. 9, p. 148. doi:10.3390/min9030148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., Andó, S., France-Lanord, C., Censi, P., Vignola, P., Galy, V., and Lupker, M., 2011, Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments 2. Suspended-load silt (Ganga–Brahmaputra, Bangladesh): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 302, p. 107–120. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.11.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., Andò, S., France-Lanord, C., Vezzoli, G., Censi, P., Galy, V., and Najman, Y., 2010, Mineralogical and chemical variability of fluvial sediments1. Bedload sand (Ganga–Brahmaputra, Bangladesh): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 299, p. 368–381. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., Andò, S., Limonta, M., Fielding, L., and Najman, Y., 2018, Diagenetic control on mineralogical suites in sand, silt, and mud (Cenozoic Nile Delta): Implications for provenance reconstructions: Earth Science Review, v. 185, p. 122–139. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.05.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., Andò, S., Padoan, M., Vezzoli, G., and El Kammar, A., 2015, The modern nile sediment system: Processes and products: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 130, p. 9–56. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., He, J., Barbarano, M., Resentini, A., Li, C., Yang, L., Yang, S., and Wang, H., 2021, Provenance versus weathering control on sediment composition in tropical monsoonal climate (South China). Sand petrology and heavy minerals: Chemical Geology, v. 564, p. 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119997.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., Padoan, M., Setti, M., López-Galindo, A., and Villa, I.M., 2014, Provenance versus weathering control on the composition of tropical river mud (southern Africa: Chemical Geology, v. 366, p. 61–74. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.12.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., and Resentini, A., 2016, Provenance control on chemical indices of weathering (Taiwan river sands): Sedimentary Geology, v. 336, p. 81–95. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzanti, E., and Vezzoli, G., 2003, A classification of metamorphic grains in sands based on their composition and grade: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 73, p. 830–837. doi:10.1306/012203730830.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getaneh, W., 2002, Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the adigrat sandstone northern Ethiopia: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 35, p. 185–198. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00126-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghasem Shirazi, B., Bakhshandeh, L., and Yazdi, A., 2014, Paleoecology of upper cretaceous sediments in Central Iran, Kerman (bondar-e bido section) based on ostracod: Marine Science, v. 4, p. 49–57. doi:10.5923/j.ms.20140402.04.
   Google Scholar
• Guest, B., Stockli, D.F., Grove, M., Axen, G.J., Lam, P.S., and Hassanzadeh, J., 2006, Thermal histories from the central Alborz mountains, northern Iran: Implications for the spatial and temporal distribution of deformation in northern Iran: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 118, p. 1507–1521. doi:10.1130/B25819.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallberg, R.O., 1976, A geochemical method for investigation of palaeoredox conditions in sediments: Ambio Special Report, v. 4, p. 139–147.
   Google Scholar
• Harnois, L., 1988, The CIW index: A new chemical index of weathering: Sedimentary Geology, v. 55, p. 319–322. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(88)90137-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, J., Jackson, J., Walker, R., and Nazari, H., 2008, Extrusion tectonics and subduction in the eastern South Caspian region since 10 ma: Geology, v. 36, p. 763–766. doi:10.1130/G25008A.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., Priestley, K., Allen, M., and Berberian, M., 2002, Active tectonics of the south Caspian basin: Geophysical Journal International, v. 148, p. 214–245. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01588.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javadi, R.J., Kouhpeyma, M., Gholami Zadeh, P., Naeimi, A., Sheikholeslami, M.R., and Ghassemi, M.R., 2019, Deploying depositional and stratigraphic evidence in kinematic investigations along multi-role faults: The case study from the eastern Mosha Fault, central alborz range, northern Iran: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 187, p. 104086. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B., and Manning, D.A.C., 1994, Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of palaeoredox conditions in ancient mudstones: Chemical Geology, v. 111, p. 111–129. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)90085-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kominz, M.A., Browninig, W.K.G., Miller, W.P., Sugarman, P.J., Mizintsevaw, S., and Scotese, C.R., 2008, Late cretaceous to miocene sea-level estimates from the New Jersey and delaware coastal plain coreholes: An error analysis: Basin Research, v. 20, p. 211–226. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00354.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D.W., and McConchie, D., 1994, Analytical sedimentology: New York, Springer, p. 217.
   Google Scholar
• Limonta, M., Garzanti, E., and Resentini, A., 2023, Petrology of Bengal fan turbidites (IODP expeditions 353 and 354): Provenance versus diagenetic control: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 93, p. 256–272. doi:10.2110/jsr.2022.071.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacRae, N.D., Nesbitt, H.W., and Kronberg, B.I., 1992, Development of a positive Eu anomaly during diagenesis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 109, p. 585–591. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90116-D.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonough, W.F., and Sun, S.S., 1989, The composition of the earth: Chemical Geology, v. 120, p. 223–253. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(94)00140-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S.R., McDaniel, D.K., and Hanson, G.N., 1993, Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics, in Johnsson, M.J., and Basu, A., eds. Processes controlling the composition of clastic sediments: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Special Paper, Vol. 284, pp. 21–40. doi:10.1130/SPE284-p21.
   Google Scholar
• Milliken, K.L., and Mack, L.E., 1990, Subsurface dissolution of heavy minerals, frio formation sandstones of the ancestral Rio Grande Province, South Texas: Sedimentary Geology, v. 68, p. 187–199. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(90)90111-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohajjel, M., and Fergusson, C.L., 2014, Jurassic to cenozoic tectonics of the zagros orogen in northwestern Iran: International Geology Review, v. 56, p. 263‒287. doi:10.1080/00206814.2013.853919.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monsef, I., Zhang, Z., Shabanian, E., Roux, P.I., and Rahgoshay, M., 2022, Tethyan subduction and cretaceous rift magmatism at the southern margin of Eurasia: Evidence for crustal evolution of the South Caspian Basin: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 228, p. 1–34. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morad, S., Ketzer, M., and De Ros, L.F., 2002, Spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations in siliciclastic rocks: Implications for mass transfer in sedimentary basins: Sedimentology, v. 47, p. 95–120. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3091.2000.00007.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesbitt, H., and Young, G.M., 1984, Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 1523–1534. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(84)90408-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesbitt, H.W., and Young, G.M., 1982, Early proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites: Nature, v. 299, p. 715–717. doi:10.1038/299715a0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padoan, M., Garzanti, E., Harlavan, Y., and Villa, I.M., 2011, Tracing nile sediment sources by Sr and Nd isotope signatures (Uganda, Ethiopia, Sudan): Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, v. 75, p. 3627–3644. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.03.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perri, F., 2014, Composition, provenance and source weathering of mesozoic sandstones from Western-Central mediterranean alpine chains: Journal of African Earth Sciences, v. 91, p. 32–43. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragan, D.L., 2009, Structural geology, an introduction to geometrical techniques: The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 602.
   Google Scholar
• Rezaei, L., Timmerman, M.J., Moazzen, M., Altenberger, U., Sláma, J., Sudo, M., Günter, C., Wilke, F.D.H., and Schleicher, A.M., 2023, Mid-cretaceous extensional magmatism in the Alborz mountains, north Iran; geochemistry and geochronology of gasht-masuleh gabbros: Swiss Journal of Geosciences, v. 116, p. 1–21. doi:10.1186/s00015-023-00443-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, T.R., Millar, I.L., Carter, A., Flowerdew, M.J., Burton-Johnson, A., Bastias, J., Storey, C.D., Castillo, P., Chew, D., and Whitehouse, M.J., 2023, Evolution of an accretionary complex (LeMay group) and terrane translation in the Antarctic Peninsula: Tectonics, v. 42, p. e2022TC007578. doi:10.1029/2022TC007578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roser, B.P., Cooper, R.A., Nathan, S., and Tulloch, A.J., 1996, Reconnaissance sandstone geochemistry, provenance, and tectonic setting of the lower paleozoic terranes of the West Coast and Nelson, New Zealand: New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, v. 39, p. 1–16. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossetti, F., Monié, P., Nasrabady, M., Theye, T., Lucci, F., and Saadat, M., 2017, Early carboniferous subduction-zone metamorphism preserved within the Palaeo-Tethyan Rasht ophiolites (western Alborz, Iran): Journal of the Geological Society, v. 174, p. 741–758. doi:10.1144/jgs2016-130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnick, R.L., and Gao, S., 2014, Composition of the Continental crust, in Holland, H.D., and Turekian, K.K., eds. Treatise on geochemistry: Oxford, Elsevier, pp. 1–51. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00301-6.
   Google Scholar
• Sadeghi, A., 2000, Study of the cretaceous rocks of the southern flanks of central alborz [ PhD thesis]: Tehran, Shahid Beheshti University, p. 475.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G.A., and Smith, R.D., 1985, Specific gravity characteristics of recent volcaniclastic sediment: Implications for sorting and grain size analysis: The Journal of Geology, v. 93, p. 619–622. doi:10.1086/628986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosson, M., Rolland, Y., Müller, C., Danelian, T., Melkonyan, R., Kekelia, S., Adamia, S., Babazadeh, V., Kangarli, T., Avagyan, A., Galoyan, G., and Mosar, J., 2010, Subductions, obduction and collision in the lesser caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), new insights: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 340, p. 329–352. doi:10.1144/SP340.14.
   Google Scholar
• Stampfli, G., Marcoux, J., and Baud, A., 1991, Tethyan margins in space and time: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology: Palaeogeography v. 87, p. 373–409. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(91)90142-E.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verma, S.P., and Armstrong‐Altrin, J.S., 2013, New multi-dimensional diagrams for tectonic discrimination of siliciclastic sediments and their application to precambrian basins: Chemical Geology, v. 355, p. 117–133. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.07.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weltje, G.J., Meijer, X.D., and De Boer, P.L., 1998, Stratigraphic inversion of siliciclastic basin fills: A note on the distinction between supply signals resulting from tectonic and climatic forcing: Basin Research, v. 10, p. 129–153. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00057.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmsen, M., Fürsich, F.T., Seyed-Emami, K., Majidifard, M.R., and Taheri, J., 2009, The cimmerian orogeny in northern Iran: Tectono-stratigraphic evidence from the foreland: Terra Nova, v. 21, p. 211–218. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2009.00876.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassaghi, A., and Madanipour, S., 2008, Influence of a transverse basement fault on along-strike variations in the geometry of an inverted normal fault: Case study of the mosha fault, Central Alborz range, Iran: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 30, p. 1507–1519. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2008.08.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yassaghi, A., and Naeimi, A., 2011, Structural analysis of the Gachsar sub-zone in central Alborz range; constraint for inversion tectonics followed by the range transverse faulting: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 100, p. 1237–1249. doi:10.1007/s00531-010-0537-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanchi, A., Berra, F., Mattei, M., Ghassemi, M.R., and Sabouri, J., 2006, Inversion tectonics in central Alborz, Iran: Journal of Structural Geology, v. 28, p. 2023–2037. doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2006.06.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zandkarimi, K., Vachard, D., Najafian, B., Mosaddegh, H., Ehteshami‐Moinabadi, M., and Somerville, I.D., 2019, Mississippian lithofacies and foraminiferal biozonation of the Alborz mountains, Iran: Implications for regional geology: Geological Journal, v. 54, p. 1480–1504. doi:10.1002/gj.3242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuffa, G.G., 1980, Hybrid arenites: Their composition and classification: Sedimentary Petrology, v. 50, p. 21–29. doi:10.1306/212F7950-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
   Google Scholar