97
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Obedience to authority as a function of the physical proximity of the student, teacher, and experimenterOpen DataOpen Materials

Received 21 Sep 2023, Accepted 18 Apr 2024, Published online: 02 May 2024

References

  • Arkin, R. M., & Burger, J. M. (1980). Effects of unit relation tendencies on interpersonal attraction. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43(4), 380–391. https://doi.org/10.2307/3033958
  • Balliet, D., Wu, J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2014). Ingroup favoritism in cooperation: A meta- analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1556–1581. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037737
  • Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105
  • Blass, T. (2004). The man who shocked the world. The life and legacy of Stanley Milgram. Basic Books.
  • Boyd, R. L., Robinson, M. D., & Fetterman, A. K. (2011). Miller (1944) revisited: Movement times in relation to approach and avoidance conflicts. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1192–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j/jesp.2011.04.017
  • Burger, J. M. (2009). Replicating Milgram. Would people still obey today? American Psychologist, 64(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0010932
  • Cañigueral, R., & Hamilton, A. F. D. C. (2019). The role of eye gaze during natural social interactions in typical and autistic people. Frontiers In Psychology, 10, 560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00560
  • Caspar, E. A., Ioumpa, K., Arnaldo, I., DiAngelis, L., Gazzola, V., & Keysers, C. A. (2022). Commanding or being a simple intermediary: How does it affect moral behaviour and related brain mechanisms? eNeuro, 10. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0508-21.2022
  • Caspar, E. A., Ioumpa, K., Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2020). Obeying orders reduces vicarious brain activation towards victims’ pain. Neuroimage: Reports, 222, 117251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117251
  • Chaleff, I. (2015). Intelligent disobedience. Doing right when what you are told to do is wrong. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.
  • Cheetham, M., Pedroni, A. F., Antley, A., Slater, M., & Jancke, L. (2009). Virtual Milgram: Empathic concern or personal distress? Evidence from functional MRI and dispositional measures. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 29. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.09.029.2009
  • Cialdini, R. B. (2021). Influence, new and expanded. The psychology of persuasion. HarperCollins Publishers.
  • Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997). Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(5), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.36.5.463
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press.
  • Dambrun, M., Lepage, J., & Fayolle, S. (2014). Victims’ dehumanization and the alteration of other-oriented empathy within the immersive video Milgram obedience experiment. Psychology, 5(17), 1941–1953. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2014.517197
  • Dolinski, D., & Grzyb, T. (2020). The social psychology of obedience towards authority. An empirical tribute to Stanley Milgram. Routledge.
  • Dolinski, D., Grzyb, T., Folwarczny, M., Grzybała, P., Krzyszycha, K., Martynowska, K., & Trojanowski, J. (2017). Would you deliver an electric shock in 2015? Obedience in the experimental paradigm developed by Stanley Milgram in the 50 years following the original studies. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(8), 927–933. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617693060
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Gibson, S. (2011). Milgram’s obedience experiments: A rhetorical analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02070.x (2)
  • Gibson, S. (2019). Arguing, obeying and defying. A rhetorical perspective on Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments. Cambridge Univeristy Press.
  • Gilbert, S. J. (1981). Another look at the Milgram obedience studies: The role of gradated series of shocks. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7(4), 690–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616728174028
  • Giner-Sorolla, R. (2018, January 24). Powering your interaction. Approaching Significance. Retrieved January 28, 2024, from https://approachingblog.wordpress.com/2018/01/24/powering-your-interaction-2/
  • Gobel, M. S., Kim, H. S., & Richardson, D. C. (2015). The dual function of social gaze. Cognition, 136, 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.040
  • Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
  • Grossman, D. (2009). On killing: The psychological costs of learning to kill in war and society. Back Bay Books.
  • Grzyb, T., & Dolinski, D. (2023, Apr). You and I are alike, so I will hold back - The effect of directed empathy on the behavior of participants of Stanley Milgram’s obedience paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 234, 103859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103859
  • Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., Millard, K., & Najbauer, J. (2015). Shock treatment: Using immersive digital realism to restage and re-examine Milgram’s ‘obedience to authority’ research. PLOS, 10(3), e109015. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109015
  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley.
  • Herrera, C. D. (2001). Ethics, Deception, and “those Milgram experiments. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 18(3), 245–256. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24354234
  • Hessels, R. S. (2020). How does gaze to faces support face-to-face interaction? A review and perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 27(5), 856–881. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01715-w
  • Houston, D. A., Sherman, S. J., & Baker, S. M. (1991). Feature matching, unique features, and the dynamics of the choice process: Predecision conflict and postdecision satisfaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 27(5), 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(91)90001-M
  • Kogut, T., & Ritov, I. (2011). ‘Protective donation’: When refusing a request for a donation increases the sense of vulnerability. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(6), 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.006
  • Lomoriello, A. S., Meconi, F., Rinaldi, I., & Sessa, P. (2018). Out of sight out of mind: Perceived physical distance between the observer and someone in pain shapes observer’s neural empathic reactions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1824. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01824
  • Lutsky, N. (1995). When is “obedience” obedience? Conceptual and historical commentary. Journal of Social Issues, 51(3), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01334.x
  • Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 67(4), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040525
  • Milgram, S. (1965). Some conditions of obedience and disobedience to authority. Human Relations, 18(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872676501800105
  • Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to authority. An experimental view. Harper & Row.
  • Miller, N. (1944). Experimental studies in conflict. In H. M. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders (pp. 431–465). Ronald Press.
  • Miller, A. G., Collins, B. E., & Brief, D. E. (1995). Perspectives on obedience to authority: The legacy of the Milgram experiments. Journal of Social Issues, 51(3), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01331.x
  • Perlstadt, H. (2013). The missing literature review and hypotheses for Milgram’s obedience experiments. Paper presented at Obedience to Authority Conference: Milgram’s Experiments 50 years on, Nipissing University, Bracebridge Ontario.
  • Perry, G. (2013). Behind the shock machine: The untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments. The New Press.
  • Reicher, S. D., & Haslam, S. A. (2011). After shock? Towards a social identity explanation of the Milgram ‘obedience’ studies. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(1), 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02015.x
  • Russell, N. (2019). Understanding willing participants. Milgram obedience experiments and the holocaust (Vol. 2). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Russell, N., & Gregory, R. (2005). Making the undoable doable. Milgram, the holocaust, and modern government. The American Review of Public Administration, 15(4), 327–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074005278511
  • Saltzman, A. L. (2000). The role of the obedience experiments in the holocaust studies: The case of renewed visibility. In T. Blass (Ed.), Obedience to authority. Current perspectives on the Milgram paradigm (pp. 125–143). Erlbaum.
  • Sampson, E. E. (2015). Dialogic Partners and the Shaping of Social Reality: Implications for good and evil in Milgram’s studies of obedience. Pastoral Psychology, 64(1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-014-0596-2
  • Schkade, D. A., & Kahneman, D. (1998). Does living in California make people happy. A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction. Psychological Science, 9(5), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00066
  • Slater, M., Antley, A., Davison, A., Swapp, D., Guger, C., Barker, C., Pistrang, N., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Rustichini, A. (2006). A virtual reprise of the Stanley Milgram obedience experiments. PLOS, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000039
  • Uehara, E. (1995). Reciprocity reconsidered: Gouldner’s ‘moral norm of reciprocity’ and social support. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 12(4), 483–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407595124001
  • Westmaas, J. L., & Silver, R. C. (2006). The role of perceived similarity in supportive responses to victims of negative life events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(11), 1537–1546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167206291874
  • Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2005). Affective forecasting: Knowing what to want. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 131–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00355.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.