Measuring emotional contagion as a multidimensional construct: the development and initial validation of the contagion of affective phenomena scales

References

• Arizmendi, T. G. (2011). Linking mechanisms: Emotional contagion, empathy, and imagery. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 28(3), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modelling. Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsade, S. G., Coutifaris, C. G., & Pillemer, J. (2018). Emotional contagion in organizational life. Research in Organizational Behavior, 38, 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2018.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhullar, N., & Bains, R. B. (2013). Factor structures of the emotional contagion scale (ECS) across the United States and India. Individual Differences Research, 11(4), 159–169.
   Google Scholar
• Biddle, S. J. H., Hanrahan, S. J., & Sellars, C. N. (2001). Attributions: past, present, and future. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (2nd ed. pp. 444–471). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bonett, D. G., & Wright, T. A. (2000). Sample size requirements for estimating Pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlations. Psychometrika, 65(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bono, J. E., & Ilies, R. (2006). Charisma, positive emotions and mood contagion. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(4), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brief, A. P., Burke, M. J., George, J. M., Robinson, B. S., & Webster, J. (1988). Should negative affectivity remain an unmeasured variable in the study of job stress? Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 193–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brühl, A. B., Rufer, M., Delsignore, A., Kaffenberger, T., Jäncke, L., & Herwig, U. (2011). Neural correlates of altered general emotion processing in social anxiety disorder. Brain Research, 1378, 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujang, M. A., & Baharum, N. (2017). A simplified guide to determination of sample size requirements for estimating the value of intraclass correlation coefficient: A review. Archives of Orofacial Science, 12(1), 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B.(2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson, B. G., Wagstaff, C. R. D., Arthur, C. A., & Thelwell, R. C. (2020). Leadership and the contagion of affective phenomena: A systematic review and mini meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2615
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coco, A. L., Ingoglia, S., & Lundqvist, L. O. (2014). The assessment of susceptibility to emotional contagion: A contribution to the Italian adaptation of the emotional contagion scale. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 38(1), 67–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-013-0166-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comrey, A., & Lee, H. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cotterill, S. T., Clarkson, B. G., & Fransen, K. (2020). Gender differences in the perceived impact that athlete leaders have on team member emotional states. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(10), 1181–1185. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1745460
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronin, L. D., & Allen, J. (2017). Development and initial validation of the Life Skills Scale for Sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 28, 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534582304267187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty, R. W. (1997). The emotional contagion scale: A measure of individual differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21(2), 131–154. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024956003661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, R. W., Orimoto, L., Singelis, T. M., Hatfield, E., & Hebb, J. (1995). Emotional contagion gender and occupational differences. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(3), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1995.tb00080.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goleman, D.(1995). Emotional intelligence. Bantam.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, J. A. (1991). Fear, panic, and anxiety: What’s in a name? Psychological Inquiry, 2(1), 77–78. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0201_18
   Google Scholar
• Harmon-Jones, C., Bastian, B., Harmon-Jones, E., & Aleman, A. (2016). The discrete emotions questionnaire: A new tool for measuring state self-reported emotions. Public Library of Science ONE, 11(8), e0159915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159915
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Bensman, L., Thornton, P. D., & Rapson, R. L. (2014). New perspectives on emotional contagion: A review of classic and recent research on facial mimicry and contagion. Interpersona, 8(2), 159–179. https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v8i2.162
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Rapson, R. L., & Le, Y. C. L. (2011). Emotional contagion and empathy. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 19–30). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Hatfield, E., Rapson, R. L., & Narine, V. (2018). Emotional contagion in organizations: Cross-cultural perspectives. In L. Petitta, C. E. J. Härtel, N. M. Ashkanasy, & W. J. Zerbe (Eds.), Individual, relational, and contextual dynamics of emotions (pp. 245–258). Emerald Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5), 967–988. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmbeck, G. N., & Devine, K. A. (2009). An author’s checklist for measure development and validation manuscripts. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(7), 691–696. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilies, R., Wagner, D. T., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Explaining affective linkages in teams: Individual differences in susceptibility to contagion and individualism-collectivism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1140–1148. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1993). Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review, 100(1), 68–90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M. V., Lane, A. M., Bray, S. R., Uphill, M., & Catlin, J. (2005). Development and validation of the sport emotion questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 407–431. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.4.407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. R., & Barsade, S. G. (2001). Mood and emotions in small groups and work teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 99–130. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2974
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, J. R., Iannone, N. E., & McCarty, M. K. (2016). Emotional contagion of anger is automatic: An evolutionary explanation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(1), 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatamian Far, P. (2018). Challenges of recruitment and retention of university students as research participants: Lessons learned from a pilot study. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, 67(3), 278–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2018.1500436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura, M., Yogo, M., & Daibo, I. (2007). Development of Japanese version of the emotional contagion scale. Japanese Journal of Interpersonal and Social Psychology, 7, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.18910/6043
   Google Scholar
• Kline, P. (2003). The handbook of psychological testing. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Laborde, S., Dosseville, F., & Allen, M. S. (2016). Emotional intelligence in sport and exercise: A systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(8), 862–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. T. H. (2018). Testing for measurement invariance: Does your measure mean the same thing for different participants? APS Observer, 31(8), 32–33.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, A. R., Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. J. (2011). Pre‐competitive confidence, coping, and subjective performance in sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(5), 721–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01075.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, L. O. (1995). Facial EMG reactions to facial expressions: A case of facial emotional contagion? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 36(2), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.1995.tb00974.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, L. O. (2006). A Swedish adaptation of the emotional contagion scale: Factor structure and psychometric properties. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2006.00516.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, L. O., & Dimberg, U. (1995). Facial expressions are contagious. Journal of Psychophysiology, 9(3), 203–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, L. O., & Kevrekidis, P. (2008). Factor structure of the Greek version of the emotional contagion scale and its measurement invariance across gender and cultural groups. Journal of Individual Differences, 29(3), 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.3.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40(4), 525–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2018). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, N. D., Chase, M. A., Pierce, S. W., & Martin, E. (2011). Coaching efficacy and exploratory structural equation modelling: A substantive-methodological synergy. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 33(6), 779–806. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.6.779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, R. M., Jr., & Little, I. S. (2003). Revisiting the predictive validity of emotional intelligence: Self-report versus ability-based measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1893–1902. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00038-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, K. (2010). An examination of questionnaire evaluation by expert reviewers. Field Methods, 22(4), 295–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X10379795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, R. H., & Mundform, D. J. (2010). Recommended sample size for conducting exploratory factor analysis on dichotomous data. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 9(2), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1288584240
   Google Scholar
• Robazza, C., & Bortoli, L. (2007). Perceived impact of anger and anxiety on sporting performance in rugby players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(6), 875–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodebaugh, T. L., Woods, C. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). The reverse of social anxiety is not always the opposite: The reverse-scored items of the social interaction anxiety scale do not belong. Behavior Therapy, 38(2), 192–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rönkkö, M., & Cho, E. (2022). An updated guideline for assessing discriminant validity. Organizational Research Methods, 25(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428120968614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, T., & Lamm, C. (2009). The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04418.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper, D. S. (2019). A-priori sample size calculator for hierarchical multiple regression. [Software]. http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
   Google Scholar
• Spoor, J. R., & Kelly, J. R. (2009). Mood convergence in dyads: Effects of valence and leadership. Social Influence, 4(4), 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/15534510902805366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (4thed) Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Tee, E. Y. (2015). The emotional link: Leadership and the role of implicit and explicit emotional contagion processes across multiple organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(4), 654–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, W. C., Chi, N. W., Grandey, A. A., & Fung, S. C. (2012). Positive group affective tone and team creativity: Negative group affective tone and team trust as boundary conditions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(5), 638–656. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kleef, G. A. (2009). How emotions regulate social life: The emotions as social information (EASI) model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 184–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01633.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kleef, G. A., Cheshin, A., Koning, L. F., & Wolf, S. A. (2019). Emotional games: How coaches’ emotional expressions shape players’ emotions, inferences, and team performance. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 41, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeke, W. (1997). Individual differences in emotional contagion of salespersons: Its effect on performance and burnout. Psychology & Marketing, 14(6), 617–636. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199709)14:6<617:AID-MAR6>3.0.CO;2-A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, C. S., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effects of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(3), 243–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00099-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wróbel, M., & Lundqvist, L. O. (2014). Multidimensional versus unidimensional models of emotional contagion: The emotional contagion scale in a Polish sample. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 2(2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2014.44304
   Google Scholar
• Zurawski, R. M., & Houston, B. K. (1983). The Jenkins activity survey measure of type a and frustration-induced anger. Motivation and Emotion, 7(3), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00991680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar