The Te Puninga Fault, Hauraki Plains: a new seismic source in the low seismicity northern region of New Zealand

References

• Adams RD, Muir MG, Kean R. 1972. Te Aroha earthquake, 9 January 1972. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng. 5(2):54–58. doi:10.5459/bnzsee.5.2.54-58.
   Google Scholar
• Barker SJ, Wilson CJ, Illsley-Kemp F, Leonard GS, Mestel ER, Mauriohooho K, Charlier BL. 2021. Taupō: an overview of New Zealand’s youngest supervolcano. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 64:320–346. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1792515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrell DJA, Almond PC, Vandergoes MJ, Lowe DJ, Newnham RM, NZ-INTIMATE Members. 2013. A composite pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project). Quat Sci Rev. 74:4–20. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brathwaite RL, Christie AB. 1996. Geology of the Waihi area 1:50,000: part sheets T13 and U13. Lower Hutt (NZ): Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences. 1 sheet + 64p.
   Google Scholar
• Broermann J, Bennett RA, Kreemer C, Blewitt G, Pearthree PA. 2021. Geodetic extension across the southern Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. 126(6):e2020JB021355. doi:10.1029/2020JB021355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey C. 2001. Development of the radiocarbon calibration program. Radiocarbon. 43:355–363. doi:10.1017/S0033822200038212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronk Ramsey C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon. 51:337–360. doi:10.1017/S0033822200033865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabral J, Moniz C, Batlló J, Figueiredo P, Carvalho J, Matias L, Teves-Costa P, Dias R, Simão N. 2013. The 1909 Benavente (Portugal) earthquake: search for the source. Nat Hazards. 69:1211–1227. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-0062-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey JM, McSaveney MJ, Petley DN. 2017. Dynamic liquefaction of shear zones in intact loess during simulated earthquake loading. Landslides. 14:789–804. doi:10.1007/s10346-016-0746-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalieri F, Franchin P, Giovinazzi S. 2016. Earthquake-altered flooding hazard induced by damage to storm water systems. Sustain Resilient Infrastruct. 1(1-2):14–31. doi:10.1080/23789689.2016.1178560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalieri F, Franchin P, Giovinazzi S. 2023. Multi-hazard assessment of increased flooding hazard due to earthquake-induced damage to the natural drainage system. Reliab Eng Syst Saf. 237:109348. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2023.109348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chick LM, De Lange WP, Healy TR. 2001. Potential tsunami hazard associated with the Kerepehi Fault, Firth of Thames, New Zealand. Nat Hazards. 24:309–318. doi:10.1023/A:1012210314609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs C, Holdsworth RE, Jackson CAL, Manzocchi T, Walsh JJ, Yielding G. 2017. Introduction to the geometry and growth of normal faults. Geol Soc London Spec Publ. 439(1):1–9. doi:10.1144/SP439.24.
   Google Scholar
• Clayden B, Hewitt AE. 1989. Horizon notation for New Zealand soils. Lincoln (NZ): Manaaki Whenua Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cox SC, Stirling MW, Herman F, Gerstenberger M, Ristau J. 2012. Potentially active faults in the rapidly eroding landscape adjacent to the Alpine Fault, central Southern Alps, New Zealand. Tectonics. 31(2):1–24. doi:10.1029/2011TC003038.
   Google Scholar
• Delano JE, Stahl T, Howell A, Clark K. 2022. 3D coseismic surface displacements from historical aerial photographs of the 1987 Edgecumbe earthquake, New Zealand. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. 127(11):e2022JB024059. doi:10.1029/2022JB024059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellow G, Yetton M, Massey C, Archibald G, Barrell DJA, Bell D, Bruce Z, Campbell A, Davies T, De Pascale G, Easton M. 2011. Landslides caused by the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and management of landslide risk in the immediate aftermath. Bull N Z Soc Earth Eng. 44(4):227–238. doi:10.5459/bnzsee.44.4.227-238.
   Google Scholar
• Dempsey D, Eccles JD, Huang J, Jeong S, Nicolin E, Stolte A, Wotherspoon L, Bradley BA. 2021. Ground motion simulation of hypothetical earthquakes in the upper North Island of New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 64(4):570–588. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1842469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowrick DJ. 1996. The modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale: revisions arising from recent studies of New Zealand earthquakes. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng. 29(2):92–106.
   Google Scholar
• Dowrick DJ, Rhoades DA. 2005. Revised models for attenuation of modified Mercalli intensity in New Zealand earthquakes. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng. 38(4):185–214. doi:10.5459/bnzsee.38.4.185-214.
   Google Scholar
• Edbrooke SW. 2001. Geology of the Auckland area. Lower Hutt (NZ): Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences. 1 sheet + 74p. 1:250,000 Geological Map 3.
   Google Scholar
• Edbrooke SW. 2005. Geology of the Waikato area. Lower Hutt (NZ): Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences. 1 sheet + 68p. 1:250,000 Geological Map 4.
   Google Scholar
• Ellis S, Bannister S, Van Dissen R, Eberhart-Phillips D, Boulton C, Reyners M, Funnell R, Mortimer N, Upton P. 2021. New Zealand Fault Rupture Depth Model v1.0: a provisional estimate of the maximum depth of seismic rupture on New Zealand’s active faults. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science. GNS Science report: 2021/08. doi:10.21420/4Q75-HZ73.
   Google Scholar
• Fan X, Dufresne A, Subramanian SS, Strom A, Hermanns R, Stefanelli CT, Hewitt K, Yunus AP, Dunning S, Capra L, Geertsema M. 2020. The formation and impact of landslide dams–state of the art. Earth-Sci Rev. 203:103–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson SR, Hochstein MP, Kibblewhite AC. 1980. Seismic refraction studies in the northern Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 23(1):17–25. doi:10.1080/00288306.1980.10424189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field EH, Arrowsmith RJ, Biasi GP, Bird P, Dawson TE, Felzer KR, Jackson DD, Johnson KM, Jordan TH, Madden C, Michael AJ. 2014. Uniform California earthquake rupture forecast, version 3 (UCERF3)—The time-independent model. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 104(3):1122–1180. doi:10.1785/0120130164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster K, Bradley BA, McGann CR, Wotherspoon LM. 2019. A VS 30 map for New Zealand based on geologic and terrain proxy variables and field measurements. Earthq Spectra. 35(4):1865–1897. doi:10.1193/121118EQS281M.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• [GEM] Global Earthquake Model. 2019. OpenQuake Engine 3.16. doi:10.13117/openquake.engine.
   Google Scholar
• Gerstenberger MC, Bora S, Bradley BA, DiCaprio C, Van Dissen RJ, Atkinson GM, Chamberlain C, Christophersen A, Clark KJ, Coffey GL, et al. 2022. New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model 2022 revision: model, hazard and process overview. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science. GNS Science report: 2022/57. doi:10.21420/TB83-7X19.
   Google Scholar
• Green RA, Allen J, Wotherspoon L, Cubrinovski M, Bradley B, Bradshaw A, Cox B, Algie T. 2011. Performance of levees (stopbanks) during the 4 September 2010 Mw 7.1 darfield and 22 February 2011 Mw 6.2 Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquakes. Seis Res Lett. 82(6):939–949. doi:10.1785/gssrl.82.6.939.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hergert T, Heidbach O. 2010. Slip-rate variability and distributed deformation in the Marmara Sea fault system. Nature Geos. 3(2):132–135. doi:10.1038/ngeo739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt AE. 2010. New Zealand Soil Classification. Lincoln (NZ): Manaaki Whenua Press. (Landcare Research science series; 1). doi:10.7931/DL1-LRSS-1-2010.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt AE, Balks MR, Lowe DJ. 2021a. Allophanic soils. In: The soils of Aotearoa New Zealand. Cham: Springer; p. 21–39.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt AE, Balks MR, Lowe DJ. 2021b. Gley Soils. In: The soils of Aotearoa New Zealand. Cham: Springer; p. 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Hochstein MP, Ballance PF. 1993. Hauraki Rift: a young, active, intra-continental rift in a back-arc setting. South Pacific sedimentary basins. Sediment Basins World. 2:295–305.
   Google Scholar
• Hochstein MP, Nixon IM. 1979. Geophysical study of the Hauraki Depression, North Island, New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 22(1):1–19. doi:10.1080/00288306.1979.10422550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochstein MP, Tearney K, Rawson S, Davey FJ, Davidge S, Henrys S, Backshall D. 1986. Structure of the Hauraki Rift (New Zealand). R Soc N Z Bull. 24:333–348.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg AG, Heaton TJ, Hua Q, Palmer JG, Turney CSM, Southon J, Bayliss A, Blackwell PG, Boswijk G, Bronk Ramsey C, et al. 2020. SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–55,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon. 62(4):759–778. doi:10.1017/RDC.2020.59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg AG, Higham TFG, Lowe DJ, Palmer J, Reimer P, Newnham RM. 2003. A wiggle-match date for Polynesian settlement of New Zealand. Antiquity. 77:116–125. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00061408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg AG, Lowe DJ, Hendy CH. 1987. University of Waikato radiocarbon dates I. Radiocarbon. 29:263–301. doi:10.1017/S0033822200056976.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg AG, Lowe DJ, Palmer JG, Boswijk G, Bronk Ramsey CJ. 2012. Revised calendar date for the Taupo eruption derived by 14C wiggle-matching using a New Zealand kauri 14C calibration data set. Holocene. 22:439–449. doi:10.1177/0959683611425551.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogg AG, Wilson CJN, Lowe DJ, Turney CSM, White P, Lorrey AM, Manning SW, Palmer JG, Bury S, Brown J, et al. 2019. Wiggle-match radiocarbon dating of the Taupo eruption. Nat Commun. 10(1):4669. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12532-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houghton BF, Cuthbertson AS. 1989. Sheet T14 BD: Kaimai. Geological map of New Zealand 1:50,000. Wellington (NZ): New Zealand Geological Survey, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1 sheet + 35p.
   Google Scholar
• Howell A, Nissen E, Stahl T, Clark K, Kearse J, Van Dissen R, Villamor P, Langridge R, Jones K. 2020. Three-dimensional surface displacements during the 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake (New Zealand) from photogrammetry-derived point clouds. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. 125(1):e2019JB018739. doi:10.1029/2019JB018739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes JW. 2023. Late Quaternary paleoseismic history of the Te Puninga Fault, Hauraki Plains, northern New Zealand [unpublished MSc thesis]. Hamilton (NZ): University of Waikato.
   Google Scholar
• Hume TM, Sherwood AM, Nelson CS. 1975. Alluvial sedimentology of the Upper Pleistocene Hinuera Formation, Hamilton Basin, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z. 5:421–462. doi:10.1080/03036758.1975.10419362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kear D, Schofield JC. 1978. Geology of the Ngaruawahia Subdivision. Wellington (NZ): New Zealand Geological Survey. Bulletin 88. Multiple sheets + 168p.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr J, Nathan S, Van Dissen RJ, Webb P, Brunsdon D, King AB. 2003. Planning for development of land on or close to active faults: a guideline to assist resource management planners in New Zealand. Lower Hutt (NZ): Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences. Client Report 2002/124. 71 p.
   Google Scholar
• Kluger MO, Lowe DJ, Moon VG, Chaneva J, Johnston R, Villamor P, Ilanko T, Melchert R, Orense RP, Loame RC, et al. 2023. Seismically-induced down sagging structures in tephra layers (tephra-seismites) preserved in lakes since 17.5 cal ka, Hamilton lowlands, New Zealand. Sediment Geol. 445:106327. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2022.106327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard GS, Begg JG, Wilson CJN. 2010. Geology of the Rotorua area. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science. 1 sheet + 102p. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1:250,000 Geological Map 5.
   Google Scholar
• Leonard GS, Townsend DB, Wilson CJN (compilers). Forthcoming 2024. Geology of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Lower Hutt (NZ): GNS Science. 1 sheet + xx p. GNS Science Geological Map 8.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe DJ. 1988. Stratigraphy, age, composition, and correlation of late Quaternary tephras interbedded with organic sediments in Waikato lakes, North Island, New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 31(2):125–165. doi:10.1080/00288306.1988.10417765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe DJ. 2011. Tephrochronology and its application: a review. Quat Geochron. 6:107–153. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2010.08.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe DJ, Green JD. Forthcoming 2024. Origins and ages of Waikato lakes. In: Özkundakci D, Grainger N, Dean-Speirs T, editors. Hidden gems of the Waikato – the history, ecology and management of Waikato lakes. Hamilton (NZ): Waikato Regional Council.
   Google Scholar
• Manville V, Hodgson KA, Nairn IA. 2007. A review of break-out floods from volcanogenic lakes in New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 50:131–150. doi:10.1080/00288300709509826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manville V, Wilson CJN. 2004. The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: a review of the roles of volcanism and climate in the post-eruptive sedimentary response. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 47:525–547. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzotti S, Leonard LJ, Cassidy JF, Rogers GC, Halchuk S. 2011. Seismic hazard in western Canada from GPS strain rates versus earthquake catalog. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. 116(B12):B12310. doi:10.1029/2011JB008213.
   Google Scholar
• Meigs A. 2013. Active tectonics and the LiDAR revolution. Lithosphere. 5(2):226–229. doi:10.1130/RF.L004.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne D, Clayden B, Singleton P, Wilson A. 1995. Soil description handbook: revised edition. Lincoln (NZ): Manaaki Whenua Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicol A, Walsh J, Berryman K, Villamor P. 2006. Interdependence of fault displacement rates and paleoearthquakes in an active rift. Geology. 34(10):865–868. doi:10.1130/G22335.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi NA, Wernicke BP, Friedrich AM, Simons M, Bennett RA, Davis JL. 2004. BARGEN continuous GPS data across the eastern basin and range province, and implications for fault system dynamics. Geoph J Inter. 159(3):842–862. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02454.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persaud M, Villamor P, Berryman KR, Ries W, Cousins WJ, Litchfield N, Alloway BV. 2016. The Kerepehi Fault, Hauraki Rift, North Island, New Zealand: active fault characterisation and hazard. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 59:117–135. doi:10.1080/00288306.2015.1127826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen MD, Zeng Y, Haller KM, McCaffrey R, Hammond WC, Bird P, Moschetti M, Shen ZK, Bormann J, Thatcher WR. 2014. Geodesy-and geology-based slip-rate models for the western United States (excluding California) national seismic hazard maps. U.S. Geological Survey. Open-File Report. 2013–1293. doi:10.3133/ofr20131293.
   Google Scholar
• Peti L, Hopkins JL, Augustinus P. 2021. Revised tephrochronology for key tephras in the 130-ka Ōrākei Basin maar core, Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand: implications for the timing of climatic changes, New Zealand. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 64:235–249. doi:10.1080/00288306.2020.1867200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickle R. 2019. Nature and potential origins of the low-rate tectonics of the Hauraki Rift and north-western New Zealand: a geophysical investigation [PhD thesis]. Auckland (NZ): University of Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Pullar WA, Birrell KS. 1973. Age and distribution of late Quaternary pyroclastic and associated cover deposits of the Rotorua and Taupo area, North Island, New Zealand. Wellington (NZ): Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Zealand Soil Survey Report 1.
   Google Scholar
• Quigley M, Van Dissen R, Litchfield N, Villamor P, Duffy B, Barrell D, Furlong K, Stahl T, Bilderback E, Noble D. 2012. Surface rupture during the 2010 Mw 7.1 Darfield (Canterbury) earthquake: implications for fault rupture dynamics and seismic-hazard analysis. Geology. 40(1):55–58. doi:10.1130/G32528.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield JC. 1965. The Hinuera Formation and associated Quaternary events (with an appendix on experimental alluviation). New Zeal J Geol Geop. 8:772–791. doi:10.1080/00288306.1965.10422116.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz DP, Coppersmith KJ. 1984. Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes: examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas fault zones. J Geophys Res Solid Earth. 89(B7):5681–5698. doi:10.1029/JB089iB07p05681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seebeck H, Nicol A, Giba M, Pettinga J, Walsh J. 2014a. Geometry of the subducting Pacific plate since 20 Ma, Hikurangi margin, New Zealand. J Geol Soc. 171(1):131–143. doi:10.1144/jgs2012-145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seebeck H, Nicol A, Villamor P, Ristau J, Pettinga J. 2014b. Structure and kinematics of the Taupo rift, New Zealand. Tectonics. 33(6):1178–1199. doi:10.1002/2014TC003569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seebeck H, Van Dissen RJ, Litchfield NJ, Barnes PM, Nicol A, Langridge RM, Barrell DJA, Villamor P, Ellis SM, Rattenbury MS, et al. 2023. The New Zealand Community Fault Model–version 1.0: an improved geological foundation for seismic hazard modelling. New Zeal J Geol Geop. doi:10.1080/00288306.2023.2181362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling M, Fitzgerald M, Shaw B, Ross C. Accepted 2023. New magnitude – area scaling relations for the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model 2022. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. doi:10.1785/0120230114.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling M, McVerry G, Gerstenberger M, Litchfield N, Van Dissen R, Berryman K, Barnes P, Wallace L, Villamor P, Langridge R, et al. 2012. National seismic hazard model for New Zealand: 2010 update. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 102(4):1514–1542. doi:10.1785/0120110170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandergoes MJ, Hogg AG, Lowe DJ, Newnham RM, Denton GH, Southon J, Barrell DJ, Wilson CJ, McGlone MS, Allan AS, et al. 2013. A revised age for the Kawakawa/Oruanui tephra, a key marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in New Zealand. Quat Sci Rev. 74:195–201. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dissen RJ, Johnson KM, Seebeck H, Wallace LM, Rollins C, Maurer J, Gerstenberger MC, Williams CA, Hamling IJ, Howell A, DiCaprio CJ. Accepted 2023. Upper plate and subduction interface deformation models of the 2022 revision of the Aotearoa New Zealand national seismic hazard model. Bull Seis Soc Am. doi:10.1785/0120230118.
   Google Scholar
• Villamor P, Berryman K. 2001. A late Quaternary extension rate in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, derived from fault slip data. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 44(2):243–269. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514937.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamor P, Berryman KR, Ellis SM, Schreurs G, Wallace LM, Leonard GS, Ries WF. 2017. Rapid evolution of subduction-related continental intraarc rifts: The Taupo Rift, New Zealand. Tectonics. 36(10):2250–2272. doi:10.1002/2017TC004715.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamor P, Berryman KR, Webb TH, Stirling MW, McGinty PJ, Downes GL, Harris JS, Litchfield NJ. 2001. Waikato seismic loads - Task 2.1: revision of seismic source characterisation. Lower Hutt (NZ): Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences. Client Report 2001/59.
   Google Scholar
• Villamor P, Litchfield N, Barrell D, Van Dissen R, Hornblow S, Quigley M, Levick S, Ries W, Duffy B, Begg J, Townsend D. 2012. Map of the 2010 Greendale Fault surface rupture, Canterbury, New Zealand: application to land use planning. New Zeal J Geol Geop. 55(3):223–230. doi:10.1080/00288306.2012.680473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villamor P, Van Dissen RJ, Alloway BV, Palmer AS, Litchfield NJ. 2007. The Rangipo Fault, Taupo rift, New Zealand: an example of temporal slip-rate and single event displacement variability in a volcanic environment. Geol Soc Am Bull. 119(5/6):529–547. doi:10.1130/B26000.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson AN. 1980. Soils of the Piako County. Wellington (NZ): Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. New Zealand Soil Survey Report 39.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson CJN. 2001. The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview. J Volcanol Geotherm Res. 112:133–174. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00239-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinke R, Dolan JF, Rhodes EJ, Van Dissen R, McGuire CP, Hatem AE, Brown ND, Langridge RM. 2019. Multimillennial incremental slip rate variability of the Clarence fault at the Tophouse Road site, Marlborough fault system, New Zealand. Geophys Res Lett. 46(2):717–725. doi:10.1029/2018GL080688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar