References
- Afrobarometer. (2023, March 31). Young Africans show tolerance for military intervention – A wake-up call, afrobarometer CEO tells German leaders. https://www.afrobarometer.org/articles/young-africans-show-tolerance-for-military-intervention-a-wake-up-call-afrobarometer-ceo-tells-german-leaders/
- Agboga, V. (2021). In sickness and in health: Politics of presidential illness and intraparty factions in Africa. Colloquium Paper for African Politics Conference Group (APCG).
- Agboga, V. (2023). How do voters respond to party switching in Africa? Democratization, 30(7), 1335–1356. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2023.2232305
- Agboga, V. (2023). Nigerian electoral black market: Where do party switchers go and why does it matter?. Africa Spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1177/00020397231211930
- Angerbrandt, H. (2020). Party system institutionalization and the 2019 state elections in Nigeria. Regional & Federal Studies, 3(30), 415–440. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2020.1758073
- Arriola, L., Donghyun, C., Justine, D., Melanie, P., & Lise, R. (2021). Paying to party: Candidate resources and party switching in new democracies. Party Politics, 28(3), 507–520. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068821989563
- Boone, C. (2017). Sons of the soil conflict in Africa: Institutional determinants of ethnic conflict over land. World Development, 96, 276–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.012
- Bratton, M. (2008). Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns. Electoral Studies, 27(4), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2008.04.013
- Bratton, M., & Mwangi, K. (2008). Voting in Kenya: Putting ethnicity in perspective. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 2(2), 272–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531050802058401
- BusinessDay. (2017, November 1). Fact-check: 81 of Buhari’s 100 appointees are Northerners. https://businessday.ng/backpage/article/fact-check-81-buharis-100-appointees-northerners/
- Carey, S. (2002). Comparative analysis of political parties in Kenya, Zambia and the democratic Republic of Congo. Democratization, 9(3), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/714000259
- Carlson, E. (2015). Ethnic voting and accountability in Africa: A choice experiment in Uganda. World Politics, 67(2), 353–385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000015
- Carto, Mission. (2021). Christianity and Islam in Nigeria. https://cartomission.com/2021/08/12/christianity-islam-nigeria/
- Cheeseman, N. (2010). African elections as vehicles for change. Journal of Democracy, 21(4), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2010.0019
- Cheeseman, N., & Ford, R. (2007). Ethnicity as a political cleavage. Working Paper, Afrobarometer. https://www.afrobarometer.org/publication/wp83-ethnicity-political-cleavage/
- Cheeseman, N., Lynch, G., & Willis, J. (2021). The moral economy of elections in Africa: Democracy, voting and virtue. Cambridge University Press.
- Demarest, L. (2021). Men of the people? Democracy and prebendalism in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic National Assembly. Democratization, 4(28), 684–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2020.1856085
- Desposato, S. W. (2006). Parties for rent? Ambition, ideology, and party switching in Brazil’s chamber of deputies. American Journal of Political Science, 50(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00170.x
- Ekeh, P. (1975). Colonialism and the two publics in Africa: A theoretical statement. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 17(1), 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500007659
- Elischer, S. (2013). Political parties in Africa: Ethnicity and party formation. Cambridge University Press.
- Ezeibe, C. C., & Ikeanyibe, O. M. (2017). Ethnic politics, hate speech, and access to political power in Nigeria. Africa Today, 63(4), 65. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.63.4.04
- Gadjanova, E. (2020). Status-quo or grievance coalitions: The logic of cross-ethnic campaign appeals in Africa’s highly diverse states. Comparative Political Studies, 5(2), 652–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020957683
- Horowitz, D. (2000). Ethnic groups in conflict. University of California Press.
- International Centre for Investigative Reporting. (2021, May 29). Buhari’s lopsided appointments in six years continue to generate controversy. https://www.icirnigeria.org/buharis-lopsided-appointments-in-six-years-continue-to-generate-controversy/
- Kendhammer, B. (2019). Islam and democracy. In G. Lynch & V. Petter (Eds.), Routledge handbook of democratization in Africa (pp. 289–301). Routledge.
- Klein, E. (2019). Explaining legislative party switching in advanced and new democracies. Party Politics, 16(8), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068819852262
- Koter, D. (2017). Costly electoral campaigns and the changing composition and quality of parliament: Evidence from Benin. African Affairs, 116(465), 573–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adx022
- Kramon, E. (2017). Money for votes: The causes and consequences of electoral clientelism in Africa. Cambridge Press.
- Lindberg, S. (2012). Have the cake and eat it: The rational voter in Africa. Party Politics, 19(6), 945–961. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068811436030
- Lindberg, S., & Morrison, M. (2005). Exploring voter alignments in Africa: Core and swing voters in Ghana. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(4), 565–586. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X05001229
- Manning, C. (2005). Assessing African party systems after the third wave. Party Politics, 11(6), 707–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068805057606
- Martin, B. (2003). Muslim brotherhoods in nineteenth-century Africa. Cambridge University Press.
- Mershon, C., & Shvetsova, O. (2013). The microfoundations of party system stability in legislatures. The Journal of Politics, 75(4), 865–878. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613000716
- Meyer, B. (1998). The power of money: Politics, occult forces, and pentecostalism in Ghana. African Studies Review, 41(3), 15. https://doi.org/10.2307/525352
- Nigerian Constitution. (1999). Federal Republic of Nigeria.
- Obadare, E. (2018). Pentecostal republic: Religion and the struggle for state power in Nigeria. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Patterson, A. (2019). Christianity and democracy. In G. Lynch & V. Petter (Eds.), Routledge handbook of democratization in Africa (pp. 275–288). Routledge.
- PM News. (2015, March 31). Igbo candidates win lagos reps seats. https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/03/31/igbo-candidates-win-lagos-reps-seats/
- Posner, D. (2005). Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa. Cambridge University Press.
- Premium Times. (2022, September 15). Constituency projects fraud: ICPC recovers N2.8 billion in three years. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/554074-constituency-projects-fraud-icpc-recovers-n2-8-billion-in-three-years.html
- Punch News. (2022, March 30). Understanding new campaign finance law in Nigeria. https://punchng.com/understanding-new-campaign-finance-law-in-nigeria/
- Sahara Reporters. (2015, July 25). Buhari’s statement at the US Institute of peace that made everyone cringe. http://saharareporters.com/2015/07/25/buhari%E2%80%99s-statement-us-institute-peace-made-everyone-cringe-0
- Tavits, M. (2009). The making of mavericks: Local loyalties and party defection. Comparative Political Studies, 42(6), 793–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414008329900
- van de Walle, N. (2003). Presidentialism and clientelism in Africa’s emerging party systems. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 41(2), 297–321. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X03004269
- Wahman, M., & Boone, C. (2018). Captured countryside? Stability and change in sub-national support for African incumbent parties. Comparative Politics, 2(50), 189–216. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26532678
- Weghorst, K., & Lindberg, S. (2013). What drives the swing voter in Africa? American Journal of Political Science, 57(3), 717–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12022
- Zurlo, G. A., Johnson, T. M., & Crossing, P. F. (2020). World Christianity and mission 2020: Ongoing shift to the global south. International Bulletin of Mission Research, 44(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/2396939319880074