46
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Temporary wage subsidies and post-COVID re-employment in Morocco: a regression discontinuity approach

&
Pages 357-375 | Received 11 Jan 2024, Accepted 07 Apr 2024, Published online: 05 May 2024

References

  • Almeida, Rita, Larry Orr, and David Robalino. 2014. “Wage Subsidies in Developing Countries as a Tool to Build Human Capital: Design and Implementation Issues.” IZA Journal of Labor Policy 3 (1): 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9004-3-12.
  • Arpaia, Alfonso, and Nicola. Curci. 2010. EU Labour Market Behaviour During the Great Recession. BE: European Commission. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2765/39957.
  • Autor, David, David Cho, Leland D. Crane, Mita Goldar, Byron Lutz, Joshua Montes, William B. Peterman, David Ratner, Daniel Villar, and Ahu Yildirmaz. 2022. “An Evaluation of the Paycheck Protection Program Using Administrative Payroll Microdata.” Journal of Public Economics 211 (July): 104664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2022.104664.
  • Beland, Louis-Philippe, Abel Brodeur, Taylor Wright, and J. Tyrowicz. 2023. “The Short-Term Economic Consequences of COVID-19: Exposure to Disease, Remote Work and Government Response.” PLOS ONE 18 (3): e0270341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270341.
  • Bell, Brian, Richard Blundell, and John Van Reenen. 1999. “Getting the Unemployed Back to Work: The Role of Targeted Wage Subsidies.” International Tax and Public Finance 6 (3): 339–360. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008787013977.
  • Bergemann, Annette, and Gerard J. Van Den Berg. 2008. “Active Labor Market Policy Effects for Women in Europe — a Survey.” Annales d’Économie et de Statistique, no. (91/92): 385–408. https://doi.org/10.2307/27917252.
  • Bernhard, Sarah, Hermann Gartner, and Gesine Stephan. 2008. Wage Subsidies for Needy Job-Seekers and Their Effect on Individual Labour Market Outcomes After the German Reforms’. Rochester, NY: SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1293544.
  • Betcherman, Gordon, Karina Olivas, and Amit Dar. 2004 January. “Impacts of Active Labor Market Programs: New Evidence from Evaluations with Particular Attention to Developing and Transition Countries.” Social Protection Discussion Paper Series No. 0402.
  • Bishop, James, and Iris Day. 2020. “How Many Jobs Did JobKeeper Keep?”, November https://apo.org.au/node/309671.
  • Brown, Alessio J. G. 2015 June. “Profitieren Arbeitslose von Beschäftigungssubventionen an Unternehmen?” IZA World of Labor 2015. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.140.
  • Bruhn, Miriam. 2020. “Can Wage Subsidies Boost Employment in the Wake of an Economic Crisis? Evidence from Mexico.” The Journal of Development Studies 56 (8): 1558–1577. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1715941.
  • Bucher, Anne. 2010. “Impacts of Hiring Subsidies Targeted at the Long-Term Unemployed on the Low-Skilled Labor Market: The French Experience.” Economic Modelling 27 (2): 553–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2009.11.010.
  • Bundervoet, Tom, Maria E. Dávalos, and Natalia Garcia. 2022. “The Short-Term Impacts of COVID-19 on Households in Developing Countries: An Overview Based on a Harmonized Dataset of High-Frequency Surveys.” World Development 153 (May): 105844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105844.
  • Burtless, Gary. 1985. “Are Targeted Wage Subsidies Harmful? Evidence from a Wage Voucher Experiment.” ILR Review 39 (1): 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979398503900108.
  • Caliendo, Marco, and Steffen Künn. 2011. “Start-Up Subsidies for the Unemployed: Long-Term Evidence and Effect Heterogeneity.” Journal of Public Economics 95 (3): 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.003.
  • Calmfors, Lars. 1994. Active Labour Market Policy and Unemployment: A Framework for the Analysis of Crucial Design Features. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • Card, David, Raj Chetty, and Andrea Weber. 2007. “The Spike at Benefit Exhaustion: Leaving the Unemployment System or Starting a New Job?” American Economic Review 97 (2): 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.2.113.
  • Card, David, and Phillip B Levine. 2000. “Extended Benefits and the Duration of UI Spells: Evidence from the New Jersey Extended Benefit Program.” Journal of Public Economics 78 (1): 107–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00113-9.
  • Cattaneo, Matias D., Nicolás Idrobo, and Rocío Titiunik. 2019 November. “A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs: Foundations.” Elements in Quantitative & Computational Methods for the Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684606.
  • Cattaneo, Matias D., Michael Jansson, and Xinwei Ma. 2018. “Manipulation Testing Based on Density Discontinuity.” The Stata Journal 18 (1): 234–261. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1801800115.
  • Chatri, Abdellatif, Khadija Hadef, and Naima Samoudi. 2021. “Micro-Econometric Evaluation of Subsidized Employment in Morocco: The Case of the “Idmaj” Program.” Journal for Labour Market Research 55 (1): 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-021-00300-5.
  • Crépon, Bruno, Esther Duflo, Marc Gurgand, Roland Rathelot, and Philippe Zamora. 2013. “Do Labor Market Policies Have Displacement Effects? Evidence from a Clustered Randomized Experiment*.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 128 (2): 531–580. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt001.
  • Devereux, Michael P, İrem Güçeri, Martin Simmler, and Eddy H F Tam. 2020. “Discretionary Fiscal Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 36 (Supplement_1): S225–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/graa019.
  • Dubin, Jeffrey A., and Douglas Rivers. 1993. “Experimental Estimates of the Impact of Wage Subsidies.” Journal of Econometrics 56 (1): 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(93)90107-G.
  • Ehrenberg, Ronald G., and Ronald L. Oaxaca. 1976. “Unemployment Insurance, Duration of Unemployment, and Subsequent Wage Gain.” The American Economic Review 66 (5): 754–766.
  • Eichhorst, Werner, Paul Marx, Ulf Rinne, and Johannes Brunner. 2022. “Job Retention Schemes During COVID-19: A Review of Policy Responses.” Working Paper 187. IZA Policy Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/273696.
  • Escudero, Verónica, Jochen Kluve, Elva López Mourelo, and Clemente Pignatti. 2019. “Active Labour Market Programmes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis.” The Journal of Development Studies 55 (12): 2644–2661. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2018.1546843.
  • Escudero, Verónica, Elva López Mourelo, and Clemente Pignatti. 2016. “‘What Works Active Labour Market Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean’.” Studies on Growth with Equity. https://ideas.repec.org//b/ilo/ilosge/994987689902676.html.
  • Fana, Marta, Sergio Torrejón Pérez, and Enrique Fernández- MacíMacíAs. 2020. “Employment Impact of COVID-19 Crisis: From Short Term Effects to Long Terms Prospects.” Journal of Industrial and Business Economics 47 (3): 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-020-00168-5.
  • Galasso, Emanuela, and Martin Ravallion. 2004. “Social Protection in a Crisis: Argentina’s Plan Jefes Y Jefas.” The World Bank Economic Review 18 (3): 367–399. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhh044.
  • Galasso, Emanuela, Martin Ravallion, and Agustin Salvia. 2004. “Assisting the Transition from Workfare to Work: A Randomized Experiment.” ILR Review 58 (1): 128–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979390405800107.
  • Gentilini, Ugo, Mohamed Almenfi, Ian Orton, and Pamela Dale. 2020, April. “Social Protection and Jobs Responses to COVID-19: A Real-Time Review of Country Measures.” https://doi.org/10.1596/33635.
  • Gerfin, Michael, and Michael Lechner. 2002. “A Microeconometric Evaluation of the Active Labour Market Policy in Switzerland.” The Economic Journal 112 (482): 854–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00072.
  • Giupponi, Giulia, and Camille Landais. 2020, April. “Building Effective Short-Time Work Schemes for the COVID-19 Crisis.” VoxEU. https://voxeu.org/.
  • Graham, James, and Murat Ozbilgin. 2021. “Age, Industry, and Unemployment Risk During a Pandemic Lockdown.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 133 (December): 104233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2021.104233.
  • Groh, Matthew, Nandini Krishnan, David McKenzie, and Tara Vishwanath. 2016. “Do Wage Subsidies Provide a Stepping-Stone to Employment for Recent College Graduates? Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Jordan.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 98 (3): 488–502. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00584.
  • Hahn, Jinyong, Petra Todd, and Wilbert Van der Klaauw. 2001. “Identification and Estimation of Treatment Effects with a Regression-Discontinuity Design.” Econometrica 69 (1): 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00183.
  • Haut-Commissariat au Plan. 2020. “La situation du marché du travail en 2020.”
  • Haut-Commissariat au Plan. 2023. “‘Le Compte Satellite de l’emploi , 2014’.”
  • Haut-Commissariat au Plan et la Banque mondiale. 2017. “Le Marché Du Travail Au Maroc : Défis et Opportunités.”
  • ILO. 2020. “Global Wage Report 2020-21: Wages and Minimum Wages in the Time of COVID-19.” Report. http://www.ilo.org/global/publications/books/WCMS_762534/lang–en/index.htm.
  • ILO and OECD. 2020. “The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Jobs and Incomes in G20 Economies.” Report. http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/how-the-ilo-works/multilateral-system/g20/reports/WCMS_756331/lang–en/index.htm.
  • Jules, Linden, Cathal O’Donoghue, and Denisa M. Sologon. 2021. “The Structure and Incentives of a COVID Related Emergency Wage Subsidy.” arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2108.04198.
  • Kaldor, Nicholas. 1936. “Wage Subsidies as a Remedy for Unemployment.” Journal of Political Economy 44 (6): 721–742. https://doi.org/10.1086/254994.
  • Katz, Lawrence F. 1996. “‘Wage Subsidies for the Disadvantaged’.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w5679.
  • Katz, Lawrence F., and Bruce D. Meyer. 1990. “The Impact of the Potential Duration of Unemployment Benefits on the Duration of Unemployment.” Journal of Public Economics 41 (1): 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(92)90056-L.
  • Keenan, Enda, and Reamonn Lydon. 2020, October. “‘Wage Subsidies and Job Retention’.” Economic Letters. https://ideas.repec.org//p/cbi/ecolet/11-el-20.html.
  • Kluve, Jochen, Susana Puerto, David Robalino, Jose Manuel Romero, Friederike Rother, Jonathan Stöterau, Felix Weidenkaff, and Marc Witte. 2017. “Interventions to Improve the Labour Market Outcomes of Youth: A Systematic Review of Training, Entrepreneurship Promotion, Employment Services and Subsidized Employment Interventions.” Campbell Systematic Reviews 13 (1): 1–288. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2017.12.
  • Kluve, Jochen, Susana Puerto, David Robalino, Jose M. Romero, Friederike Rother, Jonathan Stöterau, Felix Weidenkaff, and Marc Witte. 2019. “Do Youth Employment Programs Improve Labor Market Outcomes? A Quantitative Review.” World Development 114 (February): 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.10.004.
  • Köhler, Timothy, Robert Hill, and Haroon Bhorat. 2022. “‘The Effect of Wage Subsidies on Job Retention: Evidence from South Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic’”. Working Paper 2022/114. WIDER Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/248-5.
  • Lalive, Rafael. 2008. “How Do Extended Benefits Affect Unemployment Duration? A Regression Discontinuity Approach.” Journal of Econometrics 142 (2): 785–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.013.
  • Lalive, Rafael, Jan Van Ours, and Josef Zweimüller. 2006. “How Changes in Financial Incentives Affect the Duration of Unemployment.” The Review of Economic Studies 73 (4): 1009–1038. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2006.00406.x.
  • Layard, P. R. G., and S. J. Nickell. 1980. “The Case for Subsidising Extra Jobs.” The Economic Journal 90 (357): 51–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/2231655.
  • Lee, Jae-Kap. 2005. “Evaluation of and Lessons from Wage Subsidy Programmes in OECD Countries.” In Employment Insurance and Public Employment Services in Selected Countries. Korea Labor Institute.
  • Lee, David S., and Thomas Lemieux. 2010. “Regression Discontinuity Designs in Economics.” Journal of Economic Literature 48 (2): 281–355. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.2.281.
  • Levinsohn, James, Neil Rankin, Gareth Roberts, and Volker Schöer. 2014. “Wage Subsidies and Youth Employment in South Africa: Evidence from a Randomised Control Trial.”
  • Maani, Sholeh A. 2022. COVID-19 Government Responses to Labour Market Disruptions and Economic Impacts: The New Zealand Model. Rochester, NY: SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4114433.
  • Maré, David C., and Dean Hyslop. 2021. COVID-19 Wage Subsidy Support and Effects. Rochester, NY: SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3547767.
  • Martin, John P., and David Grubb. 2001. What Works and for Whom: A Review of OECD Countries’ Experiences with Active Labour Market Policies. Rochester, NY: SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.348621.
  • McKenzie, David. 2017. “How Effective Are Active Labor Market Policies in Developing Countries? A Critical Review of Recent Evidence.” The World Bank Research Observer 32 (2): 127–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkx001.
  • Meyer, Bruce D. 1988. “‘Unemployment Insurance and Unemployment Spells’.” Working Paper. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w2546.
  • OECD. 2020. Job Retention Schemes During the COVID-19 Lockdown and Beyond. OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/job-retention-schemes-during-the-covid-19-lockdown-and-beyond-0853ba1d.
  • OECD. 2021. Active Labour Market Policy Measures to Mitigate the Rise in (Long-Term) Unemployment. OECD Publishing.
  • ONMT (Direction de l’Observatoire National du Marché du Travail). 2022. “Le marché du travail en 2021.”
  • Paul-Delvaux, Louise, Bruno Crépon, Kacem El Guernaoui, Rema Hanna, and Samia Sekkarie. 2020. Covid-19 in Morocco. Labor Market Impacts and Policy Responses’.
  • Pigou, Arthur Cecil. 1933. Theory of Unemployment. London: Macmillan.
  • Robalino, David, and Arup Banerji. 2009. “Addressing the Employment Effects of the Financial Crisis: The Role of Wage Subsidies and Reduced Work Schedules.” World Bank Publications - Reports 11717. The World Bank Group. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/wbkwboper/11717.htm.
  • Schmieder, Johannes F., Till von Wachter, and Stefan Bender. 2016. “The Effect of Unemployment Benefits and Nonemployment Durations on Wages.” American Economic Review 106 (3): 739–777. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20141566.
  • Smart, Michael, Matthew Kronberg, Josip Lesica, Danny Leung, and Huju Liu. 2023. The Employment Effects of a Pandemic Wage Subsidy. Rochester, NY: SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4338235.
  • Tatsiramos, Konstantinos, and Jan C. van Ours. 2014. “Labor Market Effects of Unemployment Insurance Design.” Journal of Economic Surveys 28 (2): 284–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12005.
  • Yeyati, Eduardo Levy, Martín Montané, and Luca Sartorio. 2019. “What Works for Active Labor Market Policies?” School of Government Working Papers. https://ideas.repec.org//p/udt/wpgobi/201903.html.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.