Publication Cover
Sociological Spectrum
Mid-South Sociological Association
Volume 44, 2024 - Issue 1
259
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The experience of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative lens on variability in compliance

, , &

References

  • Agnew, Robert. 1992. “Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30 (1):47–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x.
  • Akers, Ronald. 2002. “A Social Learning Theory of Crime.” Pp. 135–43 in Criminological Theories: Bridging the Past to the Future, edited by S. Cote. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Akers, Ronald. 2017. Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Algara, Carlos, Sam Fuller, Christopher Hare, and Sara Kazemian. 2021. “The Interactive Effects of Scientific Knowledge and Gender on COVID‐19 Social Distancing Compliance.” Social Science Quarterly 102(1):7–16. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.12894.
  • Allcott, Hunt, Levi Boxell, Jacob Conway, Matthew Gentzkow, Michael Thaler, and David Yang. 2020. “Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing During the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Journal of Public Economics 191:104254. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254.
  • Anderson, Elijah. 1992. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Berkman, Lisa F., and Thomas Glass. 2000. “Social Integration, Social Networks, Social Support, and Health.” Pp. 137–73 in Social Epidemiology, edited by L. Berkman and I. KawachiNew York: Oxford University Press.
  • Blumer, Herbert. 1962. “Society as Symbolic Interaction.” Pp. 179–92 in Human Behavior and Social Processes, edited by A. M. Rose. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Brauer, Markus, Dominique Brossard, Lori DiPrete, Pauline Ho, and Jordan Schwakopf. 2020. “COVID-19 Coronavirus and Social Distancing.” Internal Report, University of Madison-Wisconsin. Retrieved online on March 24, 2020 (https://psych.wisc.edu/Brauer/BrauerLab/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/COVID-report-for-UW.pdf).
  • Brooks, Kathryn P., and Christine Dunkel Schetter. 2011. “Social Negativity and Health: Conceptual and Measurement Issues.” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5(11):904–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00395.x.
  • Cai, Shaohan, Xiaoyan Wang, Xinyue Zhou, Michael R. Hyman, and Zhilin Yang. 2021. “Political and Community Logistics Jointly Affect ‘Social Distancing’ Compliance.” Sustainable Cities and Societies 74:1–11.
  • Carter, Michel J., and Celene Fuller. 2016. “Symbols, Meaning, and Action: The past, Present, and Future of Symbolic Interactionism.” Current Sociology 64(6):931–61. doi: 10.1177/0011392116638396.
  • Champion, Victoria L., and Celette Sugg Skinner. 2008. “Health Belief Model.” Pp. 45–66 in Health Behavior & Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4th Edition., edited by K. Glanz, B. K. Rimer, and K. Viswanath. San Francisco, CA: Josey Bass.
  • Chan, Eugene Y. 2021. “Moral Foundations Underlying Behavioral Compliance during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Personality and Individual Differences 171:110463. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110463.
  • Chang, Hsien-Yen, Wenze Tang, Elham Hatef, Christopher Kitchen, Johnathan P. Weiner, and Hedi Kharrazi. 2021. “Differential Impact of Mitigation Policies and Socioeconomic Status on COVID-19 Prevalence and Social Distancing in the United States.” BMC Public Health 21(1):1140. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11149-1.
  • Clark, Cory, Andrés Davila, Maxime Regis, and Sascha Kraus. 2020. “Predictors of COVID-19 Voluntary Compliance Behaviors: An International Investigation.” Global Transitions 2:76–82. doi: 10.1016/j.glt.2020.06.003.
  • Cohen, Sheldon, Benjamin H. Gottlieb, and Lynn G. Underwood. 2000. “Social Relationships and Health.” Pp. 3–25 in Measuring and Intervening in Social Support, edited by Sheldon Cohen, Lynn Underwood, and Benjamin Gottlieb. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Colvin, Mark, Francis T. Cullen, and Thomas Vander Ven. 2002. “Coercion, Social Support, and Crime: An Emerging Theoretical Consensus.” Criminology 40(1):19–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00948.x.
  • Copp, Jennifer E., Peggy C. Giordano, Monica A. Longmore, and Wendy D. Manning. 2020. “Desistance from Crime during the Transition to Adulthood: The Influence of Parents, Peers, and Shifts in Identity.” The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57(3):294–332. doi: 10.1177/0022427819878220.
  • Corbin, Juliet M., and Anselm Strauss. 2014. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, 4th Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Coroiu, Adina, Chelsea Moran, Travis Campbell, and Alan C. Geller. 2020. “Barriers and Facilitators of Adherence to Social Distancing Recommendations During COVID-19 Among a Large International Sample of Adults.” PLOS One 15(10):e0239795. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239795.
  • Coyle, Brendan. 2019. “What the F** k is Maturity?’: Young Adulthood, Subjective Maturity and Desistance from Crime.” The British Journal of Criminology 59(5):1178–98. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azz010.
  • Cullen, Francis T. 1994. “Social Support as an Organizing Concept for Criminology: Presidential Address to the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.” Justice Quarterly 11(4):527–59. doi: 10.1080/07418829400092421.
  • Dowd-Arrow, Benjamin, Amy M. Burdette, and Alyssa Smith. 2023. “Political Variations in Pandemic Lifestyles and COVID-19 Vaccination by Age Cohort in the United States.” Preventive Medicine 172:107525. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2023.107525.
  • Dutta-Bergman, Mohan J. 2005. “Theory and Practice in Health Communication Campaigns: A Critical Interrogation.” Health Communication 18(2):103–22. doi: 10.1207/s15327027hc1802_1.
  • Felson, Marcus, and Lawrence E. Cohen. 1980. “Human Ecology and Crime: A Routine Activity Approach.” Human Ecology 8(4):389–406. doi: 10.1007/BF01561001.
  • Ferrín, Mónica. 2022. “Reassessing Gender Difference in COVID-19 Risk Perception and Behavior.” Social Science Quarterly 103 (1):31–41. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.13116.
  • Fingerman, Karen L., Elizabeth L. Hay, and Kira S. Birditt. 2004. “The Best of Ties, the Worst of Ties: Close, Problematic, and Ambivalent Social Relationships.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66(3):792–808. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00053.x.
  • Frech, Adrianne. 2014. “Pathways to Adulthood and Changes in Health-Promoting Behaviors.” Advances in Life Course Research 19:40–9. doi: 10.1016/j.alcr.2013.12.002.
  • Giordano, Peggy C., Jennifer E. Copp, Wendy D. Manning, and Monica A. Longmore. 2020. “When Worlds Collide: Linking Involvement with Friends and Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adulthood.” Social Forces 98 (3):1196–222.
  • Giordano, Peggy C., Jennifer E. Copp, Wendy D. Manning, and Monica A. Longmore. 2022. “Social Networks, Unsettled Lifestyles, and Health Beliefs: An Examination of Social and Individual Factors Linked to Compliance with Social Distancing Recommendations.” Unpublished Manuscript, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH.
  • Glanz, Karen, and Donald B. Bishop. 2012. “The Role of Behavioral Science Theory in the Development and Implementation of Public Health Interventions.” Annual Review of Public Health 21:299–418.
  • Glaser, Barney G., and Anselm L. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. New York: Aldine.
  • Graham, Amanda, Francis T. Cullen, Justin T. Pickett, Cheryl Lero Jonson, Murat Haner, and Melissa M. Sloan. 2020. “Faith in Trump, Moral Foundations, and Social Distancing Defiance during the Coronavirus Pandemic.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 6:237802312095681. doi: 10.1177/2378023120956815.
  • Graham, Jesse, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A. Nosek. 2009. “Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of Moral Foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96(5):1029–46. doi: 10.1037/a0015141.
  • Harper, Craig A., Liam P. Satchell, Dean Fido, and Robert D. Latzman. 2021. “Functional Fear Predicts Public Health Compliance in the COVID-19 Pandemic.” International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 19(5):1875–88. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00281-5.
  • Hawkins, R. B., E. J. Charles, and J. H. Mehaffey. 2020. “Socio-Economic Status and COVID-19–Related Cases and Fatalities.” Public Health in Health 189:129–34. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.09.016.
  • Hooper, Monica Webb, Anna María Nápoles, and Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable. 2020. “COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities.” JAMA 323(24):2466–7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8598.
  • Horney, Julie, D. Wayne Osgood, and Ineke Haen Marshall. 1995. “Criminal Careers in the Short-Term: Intra-Individual Variability in Crime and Its Relation to Local Life Circumstances.” American Sociological Review 60(5):655–73. doi: 10.2307/2096316.
  • Jessor, Richard, and Shirley L. Jessor. 1977. Problem Behavior and Psychological Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth. New York: Academic.
  • Jochim, Ashley, and Jennifer Poon. 2022. “Crisis Breeds Innovation: Pandemic Pods and the Future of Education.” Center on Reinventing Public Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED617736.pdf
  • Jones, Christina Jane, Helen Smith, and Carrie Llewellyn. 2014. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of Health Belief Model Interventions in Improving Adherence: A Systematic Review.” Health Psychology Review 8(3):253–69. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2013.802623.
  • Kamran, Aziz, Khatereh Isazadehfar, Heshmatolah Heydari, Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi, and Mahdi Naeim. 2021. “Risk Perception and Adherence to Preventive Behaviours Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Community-Based Study Applying the Health Belief Model.” BJPsych Open 7(4):e133. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2021.954.
  • Kang, Timothy. 2019. “The Transition to Adulthood of Contemporary Delinquent Adolescents.” Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 5(2):176–202. doi: 10.1007/s40865-019-00115-6.
  • Kessler, Georg. 2020. “Delinquency in Emerging Adulthood: Insights into Trajectories of Young Adults in a German Sample and Implications for Measuring Continuity of Offending.” Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 6(4):424–47. doi: 10.1007/s40865-020-00157-1.
  • Kiviniemi, Marc T., and Alexander J. Rothman. 2006. “Selective Memory Biases in Individuals’ Memory for Health-Related Information and Behavior Recommendations.” Psychology & Health 21(2):247–72. doi: 10.1080/14768320500098715.
  • Lee, Jennifer C Natasha Quadlin, and Denise Ambriz. 2023. “Shadow Education, Pandemic Style: Social Class, Race, and Supplemental Education during Covid-19.” Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 83:100755. doi: 10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100755.
  • Magesh, Shruti, Daniel John, Wei Tse Li, Yuxiang Li, Aidan Mattingly-App, Sharad Jain, Eric Y. Chang, and Weg M. Ongkeko. 2021. “Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of the American Medical Association Network 4(11):1–16.
  • Manning, Wendy D. 2020. “Young Adulthood Relationships in an Era of Uncertainty: A Case for Cohabitation.” Demography 57(3):799–819. doi: 10.1007/s13524-020-00881-9.
  • Matsueda, Ross L. 2006. “Criminological Implications of the Thought of George Herbert Mead.” Pp. 77–108 in Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States, Sociology of Crime, Law, & Deviance, Vol. 7, edited by M. Deflem. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
  • Matsueda, Ross L., and Karen Heimer. 1997. “A Symbolic Interactionist Theory of Role-Transitions, Role-Commitments, and Delinquency.” Developmental Theories of Crime and Delinquency 44(3):163–213.
  • Mead, George H. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Mikulincer, Mario, and Phillip R. Shaver. 2009. “An Attachment and Behavioral Systems Perspective on Social Support.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26 (1):7–19. doi: 10.1177/0265407509105518.
  • Orbuch, Terri L. 1997. “People's Accounts Count: The Sociology of Accounts.” Annual Review of Sociology 23 (1):455–78. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.455.
  • Painter, Marcus O., and Tian Qui. 2020. “Political Beliefs Affect Compliance with Covid-19 Social Distancing Orders.” Centre for Economic Policy Research: Covid Economics 4:103–23.
  • Papageorge, Nicholas W., Matthew V. Zahn, Michèle Belot, Eline van den Broek-Altenburg, Syngjoo Choi, Julian C. Jamison, and Egon Tripodi. 2021. “Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Self-Protecting Behavior during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Population Economics 34(2):691–738. doi: 10.1007/s00148-020-00818-x.
  • Parker, Kim, and Eileen Patten. 2013. The Sandwich Generation: Rising Financial Burdens for Middle-Aged Americans. Washington, DC: Pew Social and Demographic Trends.
  • Payne, Danielle C., and Benjamin Cornwell. 2007. “Reconsidering Peer Influences on Delinquency: Do Less Proximate Contacts Matter?” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23(2):127–49. doi: 10.1007/s10940-006-9022-y.
  • Pearlin, Leonard I., and A. Alex Bierman. 2013. “Current Issues and Future Directions in Research into the Stress Process.” Pp. 325–40 in Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health, edited by Carol S. Aneshensel, Jo C. Phelan, and Alex Bierman. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Power, Kate. 2020. “The COVID-19 Pandemic Has Increased the Care Burden of Women and Families.” Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy 16(1):67–73. doi: 10.1080/15487733.2020.1776561.
  • Price, Taylor. 2020. “Cognition in Situations.” Symbolic Interaction 43(4):692–720. doi: 10.1002/symb.505.
  • Quintelier, Ellen. 2007. “Differences in Political Participation between Young and Old People.” Contemporary Politics 13(2):165–80. doi: 10.1080/13569770701562658.
  • Sassler, Sharon, and Daniel T. Lichter. 2020. “Cohabitation and Marriage: Complexity and Diversity in Union‐Formation Patterns.” Journal of Marriage and Family 82(1):35–61. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12617.
  • Scott, Susie. 2015. Negotiating Identity: Symbolic Interactionist Approaches to Social Identity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Silva, Jennifer M. 2012. “Constructing Adulthood in and Age of Uncertainty.” American Sociological Review 77(4):505–22. doi: 10.1177/0003122412449014.
  • Stryker, Sheldon. 1987. “The Vitalization of Symbolic Interactionism.” Social Psychology Quarterly 50(1):83–94. doi: 10.2307/2786893.
  • Stryker, Sheldon, and Peter J. Burke. 2000. “The past, Present, and Future of an Identity Theory.” Social Psychology Quarterly 63(4):284–97. doi: 10.2307/2695840.
  • Sutherland, Edwin H. 1947. Principles of Criminology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
  • Szkody, Erica, Melanie Stearns, Lydia Stanhope, and Cliff McKinney. 2021. “Stress-Buffering Role of Social Support during COVID-19.” Family Process 60(3):1002–15. doi: 10.1111/famp.12618.
  • Tarry, Hammond, Valérie Vézina, Jacob Bailey, and Leah Lopes. 2022. “Political Orientation, Moral Foundations, and COVID-19 Social Distancing.” PLOS One 17(6):e0267136. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267136.
  • Thacker, Jemma, Daniel Sturman, and Jamie Auton. 2022. “Predictors of Social Distancing Compliance in an Australian Sample.” Health Education Research 36(6):601–14. doi: 10.1093/her/cyab035.
  • Thomas, William I., and Dorothy S. Thomas. 1928. “The Methodology of Behavior Study.” Pp. 553–76 in The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs, edited by William I. Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas. New York: Knopf.
  • Tram, Khai Hoan, Sahar Saeed, Cory Bradley, Branson Fox, Ingrid Eshun-Wilson, Aaloke Mody, and Elvin Geng. 2022. “Deliberation, Dissent, and Distrust: Uunderstanding Distinct Drivers of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States.” Clinical Infectious Diseases 74(8):1429–41. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab633.
  • Tunçgenç, Bahar, Marwa El Zein, Justin Sulik, Martha Newson, Yi Zhao, Guillaume Dezecache, and Ophelia Deroy. 2021. “Social Influence Matters: We Follow Pandemic Guidelines Most When Our Close Circle Does.” British Journal of Psychology 112(3):763–80. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12491.
  • Turner, R. Jay. 2013. “Understanding Health Disparities: The Relevance of the Stress Process Model.” Society and Mental Health 3(3):170–86. doi: 10.1177/2156869313488121.
  • Tüzemen, Didem. 2018. “Why Are Prime-Age Men Vanishing from the Labor Force?” The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review 103(1):5–30. doi: 10.18651/ER/1q18Tuzemen.
  • Uchino, Bert N. 2013. “Understanding the Links between Social Ties and Health: On Building Stronger Bridges with Relationship Science.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 30(2):155–62. doi: 10.1177/0265407512458659.
  • Widdowson Alex, O., J. W. Andrew Ranson, and Anna M. Kyser. 2021. “Continuity of Offending in Young Adulthood: A Test of Moffitt’s Snares Hypothesis.” Crime & Delinquency :001112872110524. doi: 10.1177/00111287211052443.
  • Williams, Simon N., Christopher J. Armitage, Tova Tampe, and Kimberly Dienes. 2020. “Public Perceptions and Experiences of Social Distancing and Social Isolation during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A UK-Based Focus Group Study.” BMJ Open 10(7):e039334. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039334.
  • Wolff, Wanja, Corinna S. Martarelli, Julia Schüler, and Malik Bieleke. 2020. “High Boredom Proneness and Low Trait Self-Control Impair Adherence to Social Distancing Guidelines during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(15):5420. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155420.
  • Wrzus, Cornelia, Julia Zimmermann, Marcus Mund, and Franz Neyer. 2015. “Friendships in Young and Middle Adulthood: Normative Patterns and Personality Differences.” In Psychology of Friendship, edited by M. Hojjat and A. Moyer. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Youniss, James, and Jacqueline Smollar. 1985. Adolescent Relations with Mothers, Fathers and Friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Zhang, W., M. Walkover, and Y. Y. Wu. 2021. “The Challenge of COVID-19 for Adult Men and Women in the United States: Disparities of Psychological Distress by Gender and Age.” Public Health 198:218–22. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.017.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.