Ethical Resource Allocation in Policing: Why Policing Requires a Different Approach from Healthcare

Bibliography

• Bottoms, Anthony E., and Justice Tankebe. “Police Legitimacy and the Authority of the State.” In Criminal Law and the Authority of the State, edited by Antje Du Bois-Pedain, Magnus Ulväng, and Petter Asp, 47–88. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Bradford, B. “Policing and Social Identity: Procedural Justice, Inclusion and Cooperation Between Police and Public.” Policing and Society 24, no. 1 (2014): 22–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr-Hill, R. “Developing a Robust Resource Allocation Formulae for Police.” Policing and Society: An International Journal 10, no. 3 (2000): 235–261.
   Google Scholar
• Charman, S., and E. Williams. “Accessing Justice: The Impact of Discretion, ‘Deservedness’ and Distributive Justice on the Equitable Allocation of Policing Resources.” Criminology & Criminal Justice 22, no. 3 (2022): 404–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• College of Policing. “College of Policing Analysis: Estimating Demand on the Police Service.” Ryton-on-Dunsmore. Accessed 26 February 2024. https://assets.college.police.uk/s3fs-public/2021-03/demand-on-policing-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• College of Policing. “Policing Vision (2025).” https://www.npcc.police.uk/documents/Policing%20Vision.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• College of Policing. “Code of Ethics: Ethical Policing Principles.” College of Policing, 2024. Accessed 29 February 2024. https://www.college.police.uk/ethics/code-of-ethics/principles.
   Google Scholar
• Cookson, R., and P. Dolan. “Principles of Justice in Health Care Rationing.” Journal of Medical Ethics 26, no. 5 (2000): 323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culyer, A. J. “Equity-Some Theory and Its Policy Implications.” Journal of Medical Ethics 27, no. 4 (2001): 275–283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culyer, A. J., and A. Wagstaff. “Need, Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care.” Discussion Paper. York: Centre for Health Economics, University of York; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Den Heyer, G. “Examining Police Strategic Resource Allocation in a Time of Austerity.” Salus Journal 2, no. 1 (2014): 63–79.
   Google Scholar
• Drake, L., and R. Simper. “Productivity Estimation and the Size-Efficiency Relationship in English and Welsh Police Forces: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis and Multiple Discriminant Analysis.” International Review of Law and Economics 20, no. 1 (2000): 53–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, M. F., M. J. Sculpher, K. Claxton, G. L. Stoddart, and G. W. Torrance. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, D. J. “Police resources Allocation: Toward a Theory.” Police Studies: Int'l Rev. Police Dev 5 (1982): 34.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, J., and Peter Grabosky. “Managing the Demand for Police Services, Or How to Control an Insatiable Appetite.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 3, no. 3 (2009): 281–291.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, J. “QALYfying the Value of Life.” Journal of Medical Ethics 13, no. 3 (1987): 117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House of Commons Home Affairs Committee. “Policing for the Future.” HC, 515, 2018, p. 25.
   Google Scholar
• HM Inspectorate of Constabulary. “Policing in Austerity: Meeting the Challenge.” London: HMIC. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/policing-in-austerity-meeting-the-challenge.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• HMICFRS. State of Policing: The Annual Assessment of Policing in England and Wales. London: HMICFRS, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Kelling, G., T. Pate, D. Diekman, and C. Brown. “The Kansas City Patrol Experiment: A Summary Report.” Police Foundation, Washington, DC; 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinig, John. The Ethics of Policing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Koper, C. S. “Just Enough Police Presence: Reducing Crime and Disorderly Behavior by Optimizing Patrol Time in Crime Hot Spots.” Justice Quarterly 12, no. 4 (1995): 649–672.
   Google Scholar
• Laufs, J., Kate Bowers, Daniel Birks, and Shane D. Johnson. “Understanding the Concept of ‘Demand’ in Policing: A Scoping Review and Resulting Implications for Demand Management.” Policing and Society 31, no. 8 (2021): 895–918.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister, S. “The New Politics of the Police: Police and Crime Commissioners and the ‘Operational Independence’ of the Police.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 7, no. 3 (2013): 239–247.
   Google Scholar
• Lord, Joanne, George Laking, and Alastair Fischer. “Health Care Resource Allocation: Is the Threshold Rule Good Enough?” Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 9, no. 4 (2004): 237–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludwig, A., M. Norton, and I. McLean. “Resource Allocation Processes in Policing in Great Britain.” Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, London; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Seumas, and John Blackler. Ethical Issues in Policing. London: Routledge, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, Seumas, and Ian A. Gordon. Investigative Ethics: Ethics for Police Detectives and Criminal Investigators. New York: Wiley, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Mark H. Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. H., and A. A. Braga. “Measuring and Improving Police Performance: The Lessons of Compstat and Its Progeny.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 26, no. 3 (2003): 439–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer, D. “Reorienting Programme Budgeting and Marginal Analysis (PBMA) Towards Disinvestment.” BMC Health Services Research 10, no. 1 (2010): 1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muennig, P., and M. Bounthavong. Cost-effectiveness Analysis in Health: A Practical Approach. London: John Wiley & Sons, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Ruta, D., C. Mitton, A. Bate, and C. Donaldson. “Programme Budgeting and Marginal Analysis: Bridging the Divide Between Doctors and Managers.” BMJ 330, no. 7506 (2005): 1501–1503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sendi, P. “Some Reflections on Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Budget Allocation in Medicine.” Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 2, no. 3 (2002): 191–193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman, L., P. W. Neyroud, and E. Neyroud. “The Cambridge Crime Harm Index: Measuring Total Harm from Crime Based on Sentencing Guidelines.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 10, no. 3 (2016): 171–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumate, R. P., and R. F. Crowther. “Quantitative Methods for Optimizing the Allocation of Police Resources.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 57 (1966): 197.
   Google Scholar
• Stockdale, J. E., C. M. Whitehead, and P. J. Gresham. Applying Economic Evaluation to Policing Activity. Vol. 103. Home Office, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Sunshine, J., and T. R. Tyler. “The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing.” Law & Society Review 37, no. 3 (2003): 513–548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, A. P. “Allocating Police Resources While Limiting Racial Inequality.” Justice Quarterly 37, no. 5 (2020): 842–868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. “Making Fair Choices on the Path to Universal Health Coverage.” https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241507158, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, E. C., J. Rees, and R. J. Fordham. “Developing a Prioritisation Framework in an English Primary Care Trust.” Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 4, no. 3 (2006): 1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhuang, Z. Y., and P. M. Collier. “Resource Allocation Decisions in the Public Sector: A Model Based on a Study of Policing.” Available at SSRN 1626070.
   Google Scholar