24
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Gender Differences in Suicidal Ideation during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Iranian Adolescents and its Contributing Factors

, PhD, , MSc, , PhD & , BSD
Received 20 Jun 2023, Accepted 14 Mar 2024, Published online: 29 Mar 2024

References

  • Ahookhosh, P., Bahmani, B., Asgari, A., & Moghaddam, H. H. (2016). Family relationships and suicide ideation: The mediating roles of anxiety, hopelessness, and depression in adolescents. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 6(1), e31573. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijhrba.31573
  • Assari, S., Boyce, S., Bazargan, M., & Caldwell, C. H. (2020). African Americans’ diminished returns of parental education on adolescents’ depression and suicide in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 10(2), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10020048
  • Bakhtar, M., & Rezaeian, M. (2017). The prevalence of suicide thoughts and attempted suicide plus their risk factors among Iranian students: A systematic review study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 15(11), 1061–1076.
  • Beck, A. T., Brown, G. K., & Steer, R. A. (1997). Psychometric characteristics of the Scale for Suicide Ideation with psychiatric outpatients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(11), 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00073-9
  • Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., & Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicide Ideation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47(2), 343–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.47.2.343
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Ranieri, W. F. (1988). Scale for suicide ideation: Psychometric properties of a self‐report version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198807)44:4<499::AID-JCLP2270440404>3.0.CO;2-6
  • Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and youth: Risk factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00540
  • Blakemore, S.-J. (2019). Adolescence and mental health. Lancet (London, England), 393(10185), 2030–2031. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31013-X
  • Bryan, C. J., Mintz, J., Clemans, T. A., Leeson, B., Burch, T. S., Williams, S. R., Maney, E., & Rudd, M. D. (2017). Effect of crisis response planning vs. contracts for safety on suicide risk in US Army soldiers: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.028
  • Carballo, J. J., Llorente, C., Kehrmann, L., Flamarique, I., Zuddas, A., Purper-Ouakil, D., Hoekstra, P. J., Coghill, D., Schulze, U. M. E., Dittmann, R. W., Buitelaar, J. K., Castro-Fornieles, J., Lievesley, K., Santosh, P., & Arango, C. (2020). Psychosocial risk factors for suicidality in children and adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 759–776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-01270-9
  • Chen, J., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2022). Longitudinal associations among academic achievement and depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in elementary schoolchildren: Disentangling between-and within-person associations. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(9), 1405–1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01781-y
  • Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
  • Cole-Lewis, Y. C., Gipson, P. Y., Opperman, K. J., Arango, A., & King, C. A. (2016). Protective role of religious involvement against depression and suicidal ideation among youth with interpersonal problems. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1172–1188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0194-y
  • Dendup, T., Zhao, Y., Dorji, T., & Phuntsho, S. (2020). Risk factors associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in Bhutan: An analysis of the 2014 Bhutan STEPS Survey data. PLoS One, 15(1), e0225888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225888
  • Dickson, J. M., Cruise, K., McCall, C. A., & Taylor, P. J. (2019). A systematic review of the antecedents and prevalence of suicide, self-harm and suicide ideation in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173154
  • Esfahani, M., Hashemi, Y., & Alavi, K. (2015). Psychometric assessment of beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSSI) in general population in Tehran. Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 29, 268.
  • Farooq, S., Tunmore, J., Ali, M., Wajid., & Ayub, M. (2021). Suicide, self-harm and suicidal ideation during COVID-19: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 306, 114228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114228
  • Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Fox, K. R., Bentley, K. H., Kleiman, E. M., Huang, X., Musacchio, K. M., Jaroszewski, A. C., Chang, B. P., & Nock, M. K. (2017). Risk factors for suicidal thoughts and behaviors: A meta-analysis of 50 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 143(2), 187–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000084
  • Gracia, R., Pamias, M., Mortier, P., Alonso, J., Pérez, V., & Palao, D. (2021). Is the COVID-19 pandemic a risk factor for suicide attempts in adolescent girls? Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 139–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.044
  • Guo, L., Wang, W., Wang, T., Li, W., Gong, M., Zhang, S., Zhang, W.-H., & Lu, C. (2019). Association of emotional and behavioral problems with single and multiple suicide attempts among Chinese adolescents: Modulated by academic performance. Journal of Affective Disorders, 258, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.085
  • Gysin-Maillart, A., Schwab, S., Soravia, L., Megert, M., & Michel, K. (2016). A novel brief therapy for patients who attempt suicide: A 24-months follow-up randomized controlled study of the attempted suicide short intervention program (ASSIP). PLoS Medicine, 13(3), e1001968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001968
  • HeshmatiJoda, A., Khakpoor, S., Kosari, Z., Mohammadi, M., & Zenoozian, S. (2019). Prevalence of Suicide Ideation among Students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences.
  • Hom, M. A., Joiner, T. E., Jr,., & Bernert, R. A. (2016). Limitations of a single-item assessment of suicide attempt history: Implications for standardized suicide risk assessment. Psychological Assessment, 28(8), 1026–1030. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000241
  • Jaberi, A. (2021). Psychological issues in children and youth during COVID-19 outbreak: A letter to Editor. Koomesh Journal, 23(3), 317–319. https://doi.org/10.52547/koomesh.23.3.317
  • Javadian, N., Dehghani, F., Mohammad, H.., & NoorianArdakani, M. (2022). The relationship between parental expectation and conflict and academic success of secondary schools in Meybod. The Journal of New Advances in Behavioral Sciences, 7(55), 312–324. [persian]
  • John, A., Pirkis, J., Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., & Morrissey, J. (2020). Trends in suicide during the covid-19 pandemic (Vol. 371). British Medical Journal Publishing Group.
  • Kann, L., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., Lowry, R., Chyen, D., Whittle, L., Thornton, J., Lim, C., Bradford, D., Yamakawa, Y., Leon, M., Brener, N., & Ethier, K. A. (2018). Youth risk behavior surveillance—United States, 2017. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries (Washington, D.C.: 2002), 67(8), 1–114. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss6708a1
  • Lee, M. T. Y., Wong, B. P., Chow, B. W.-Y., & McBride-Chang, C. (2006). Predictors of suicide ideation and depression in Hong Kong adolescents: Perceptions of academic and family climates. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(1), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2006.36.1.82
  • Lester, D. (2020). Depression and suicidal ideation in college students as a function of college-related variables. Suicide Studies, 1(1), 13–18.
  • Lin, C.-Y., Alimoradi, Z., Ehsani, N., Ohayon, M. M., Chen, S.-H., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). Suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic among a large-scale Iranian sample: The roles of generalized trust, insomnia, and fear of COVID-19. Healthcare, 10(1), 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10010093
  • Liu, K. Y., Chen, E. Y., Cheung, A. S., & Yip, P. S. (2009). Psychiatric history modifies the gender ratio of suicide: An East and West comparison. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(2), 130–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0413-2
  • Lo, H. H. M., Kwok, S. Y., Yeung, J. W. K., Low, A. Y. T., & Tam, C. H. L. (2017). The moderating effects of gratitude on the association between perceived parenting styles and suicidal ideation. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(6), 1671–1680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0683-y
  • Manjula, M., Roopesh, B. N., Philip, M., & Ravishankar, A. (2018). A brief school based, awareness program for depression and suicidal behaviours in Indian youth. Mental Health & Prevention, 11, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2018.07.001
  • Marin, S., Hajizadeh, M., Sahebihagh, M. H., Nemati, H., Ataeiasl, M., Anbarlouei, M., Pashapour, H., Mahmoodi, M., & Mohammadpoorasl, A. (2020). Epidemiology and determinants of self-injury among high school students in Iran: A longitudinal study. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 91(4), 1407–1413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-020-09764-z
  • Mars, B., Heron, J., Klonsky, E. D., Moran, P., O'Connor, R. C., Tilling, K., Wilkinson, P., & Gunnell, D. (2019). Predictors of future suicide attempt among adolescents with suicidal thoughts or non-suicidal self-harm: A population-based birth cohort study. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 6(4), 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30030-6
  • Millner, A. J., Lee, M. D., & Nock, M. K. (2015). Single-item measurement of suicidal behaviors: Validity and consequences of misclassification. PLoS One, 10(10), e0141606. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141606
  • Miranda-Mendizabal, A., Castellví, P., Parés-Badell, O., Alayo, I., Almenara, J., Alonso, I., Blasco, M. J., Cebrià, A., Gabilondo, A., Gili, M., Lagares, C., Piqueras, J. A., Rodríguez-Jiménez, T., Rodríguez-Marín, J., Roca, M., Soto-Sanz, V., Vilagut, G., & Alonso, J. (2019). Gender differences in suicidal behavior in adolescents and young adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. International Journal of Public Health, 64(2), 265–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1196-1
  • Miri, M., Rezaeian, M., & Ghasemi, S. A. (2022). A systematic review on the prevalence and causes of suicide (thoughts and actions) in Iranian School and University Students. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 21(5), 551–574. https://doi.org/10.52547/jrums.21.5.551
  • Mokhtari, A. M., Gholamzadeh, S., Salari, A., Hassanipour, S., & Mirahmadizadeh, A. (2019). Epidemiology of suicide in 10–19 years old in southern Iran, 2011–2016: A population-based study on 6720 cases. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 66, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.018
  • Morken, I. S., Dahlgren, A., Lunde, I., & Toven, S. (2019). The effects of interventions preventing self-harm and suicide in children and adolescents: An overview of systematic reviews. F1000Research, 8, 890. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19506.2
  • Nam, S. K., Choi, S. I., & Lee, S. M. (2015). Effects of stigma-reducing conditions on intention to seek psychological help among Korean college students with anxious-ambivalent attachment. Psychological Services, 12(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038713
  • Nguyen, M.-H., Le, T.-T., Nguyen, H.-K T., Ho, M.-T., Nguyen, H. T. T., & Vuong, Q.-H. (2021). Alice in Suicideland: Exploring the suicidal ideation mechanism through the sense of connectedness and help-seeking behaviors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3681. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073681
  • Nock, M. K., Green, J. G., Hwang, I., McLaughlin, K. A., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Prevalence, correlates, and treatment of lifetime suicidal behavior among adolescents: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(3), 300–310. https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.55
  • Richardson, A. S., Bergen, H. A., Martin, G., Roeger, L., & Allison, S. (2005). Perceived academic performance as an indicator of risk of attempted suicide in young adolescents. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 9(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110590904016
  • Ritchie, H., Spooner, F., & Roser, M. (2018). Causes of death. Our world in data
  • Shek, D. T. L., & Yu, L. (2012). Self-harm and suicidal behaviors in Hong Kong adolescents: Prevalence and psychosocial correlates. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/932540
  • Tahan, M. (2019). The implications of Iran sanctions on civilian mental health and quality of life. Available at SSRN 3427452
  • Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2014). Risk and protective factors that distinguish adolescents who attempt suicide from those who only consider suicide in the past year. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12046
  • Uddin, R., Burton, N. W., Maple, M., Khan, S. R., & Khan, A. (2019). Suicidal ideation, suicide planning, and suicide attempts among adolescents in 59 low-income and middle-income countries: A population-based study. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 3(4), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30403-6
  • Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Gordon, K. H., Bender, T. W., & Joiner, T. E. Jr, (2008). Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.72
  • Vasegh, S., & Ardestani, S. M. S. (2018). Suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts in a sample of Iranian students: Prevalence and some new risk and protective factors. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 12(2), 13–27.
  • Vojoudi, B., Hashemi, T., Abdolpour, G., & Abbasi, N.M.. (2015). Predicting suicide ideation based on identity styles and coping strategies. Contemporary Psychology, 10(1), 47–56.
  • Wan, G. W. Y., & Leung, P. W. L. (2010). Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building. Journal of Adolescence, 33(5), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.12.007
  • WHO. (2021). Suicide. Retrieved April, 30, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
  • World Health Organization. (2019). suicide-rates. Retrieved 4 April, 2023, from https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mental-health/suicide-rates
  • Zhang, J., & Brown, G. K. (2007). Psychometric properties of the scale for suicide ideation in China. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 11(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110600894652
  • Zhang, Y.-Y., Lei, Y.-T., Song, Y., Lu, R.-R., Duan, J.-L., & Prochaska, J. J. (2019). Gender differences in suicidal ideation and health-risk behaviors among high school students in Beijing, China. Journal of Global Health, 9(1), 010604. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.010604
  • Ziaei, R., Viitasara, E., Soares, J., Sadeghi-Bazarghani, H., Dastgiri, S., Zeinalzadeh, A. H., Bahadori, F., & Mohammadi, R. (2017). Suicidal ideation and its correlates among high school students in Iran: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1298-y
  • Zygo, M., Pawłowska, B., Potembska, E., Dreher, P., & Kapka-Skrzypczak, L. (2019). Prevalence and selected risk factors of suicidal ideation, suicidal tendencies and suicide attempts in young people aged 13–19 years. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine: AAEM, 26(2), 329–336. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/93817

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.