50
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Country Trafficking Protocol Compliance and the Empowerment of Girls and Women

&
Received 01 Nov 2023, Accepted 22 Apr 2024, Published online: 06 May 2024

References

  • Akee, R., Basu, A. K., Bedi, A., & Chau, N. H. (2014). Transnational trafficking, law enforcement, and victim protection: A middleman trafficker’s perspective. The Journal of Law and Economics, 57(2), 349–386. https://doi.org/10.1086/675404
  • Bales, K. (2007). What predicts human trafficking? International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 31(2), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2007.9678771
  • Bell, S. R., & Banks, V. (2018). Women’s rights organizations and human trafficking. Social Science Quarterly, 99(1), 362–376. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12396
  • Bryant-Davis, T., & Tummala-Narra, P. (2017). Cultural oppression and human trafficking: Exploring the role of racism and ethnic bias. Women & Therapy, 40(1-2), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1210964
  • Cameron, E. C., Cunningham, F. J., Hemingway, S. L., Tschida, S. L., & Jacquin, K. M. (2023). Indicators of gender inequality and violence against women predict number of reported human trafficking legal cases across countries. Journal of Human Trafficking, 9(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1852000
  • Cho, S.-Y., Vadlamannati, K. C. (2010). Compliance for big brothers: An empirical analysis on the impact of the anti-trafficking protocol. Discussion Papers, Center for European Governance and Economic Development Research, No. 118.
  • Cho, S. Y. (2015). Modelling for determinants of human trafficking. Social Inclusion, 3(1), 2–21. https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v3i1.125
  • Cho, S. Y. (2016). Liberal coercion? Prostitution, human trafficking and policy. European Journal of Law and Economics, 41(2), 321–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-015-9519-7
  • Cho, S. Y., Dreher, A., & Neumayer, E. (2014). Determinants of anti-trafficking policies: Evidence from a new index. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 116(2), 429–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12055
  • Cingranelli, D., Fajardo-Heyward, P., & Filippov, M. (2014). Principals, agents and human rights. British Journal of Political Science, 44(3), 605–630. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123413000070
  • Dandurand, Y. (2017). Human trafficking and police governance. Police Practice and Research, 18(3), 322–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2017.1291599
  • Deb, H., & Sanyal, T. (2017). Human trafficking: An overview with special emphasis on India and West Bengal. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 22(9), 5.
  • Fapohunda, T. M. (2012). Women and the informal sector in Nigeria: Implications for development. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 4(1), 35–45.
  • Fawole, O. I. (2008). Economic violence to women and girls: Is it receiving the necessary attention? Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 9(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008319255
  • Gacinya, J. (2020). Gender inequality as the determinant of human trafficking in Rwanda. Sexuality, Gender & Policy, 3(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/sgp2.12018
  • Goel, R. K., & Saunoris, J. W. (2017). Unemployment and international shadow economy: Gender differences. Applied Economics, 49(58), 5828–5840. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1343452
  • Gonzalez, C. M. F. (2022). The intersection of race and gender in human trafficking Vulnerability and Criminalization. In Diversity in Criminology and Criminal Justice Studies. (pp. 115–131) Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Gutiérrez, E. J. D. (2014). Prostitution and gender-based violence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 161, 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.016
  • Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., Hall, J., & Murphy, R. (2021). Economic Freedom of the World Annual Report 2021. Fraser Institute. https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2021.pdf
  • Heller, L. R., Lawson, R. A., Murphy, R. H., & Williamson, C. R. (2018). Is human trafficking the dark side of economic freedom? Defence and Peace Economics, 29(4), 355–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2016.1160604
  • Hernandez, D., & Rudolph, A. (2015). Modern day slavery: What drives human trafficking in Europe? European Journal of Political Economy, 38, 118–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.02.002
  • ILO (2018). Empowering women working in the informal economy. In Issue brief, prepared for the 2nd Meeting of the Global Commission on the Future of Work, cluster 2: Bringing an end to pervasive global women’s inequality in the workplace. Available: https://www.readkong.com/page/empowering-women-working-in-the-informal-economy-6133847.
  • International Labour Organization. (2014). “ILO Says Forced Labour Generates Annual Profits of US$ 150 Billion,” Available from https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_243201/lang–en/index.htm.
  • Jac-Kucharski, A. (2012). The determinants of human trafficking: A US case study. International Migration, 50(6), 150–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00777.x
  • Konrad, R. A., Trapp, A. C., Palmbach, T. M., & Blom, J. S. (2017). Overcoming human trafficking via operations research and analytics: Opportunities for methods, models, and applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 259(2), 733–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2016.10.049
  • Leidholdt, D. A. (2004). Prostitution and trafficking in women: An intimate relationship. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3-4), 167–183. https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v02n03_09
  • Long, L. D. (2004). Anthropological perspectives on the trafficking of women for sexual exploitation. International Migration, 42(1), 5–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00272.x
  • Mo, C. H. (2018). Perceived relative deprivation and risk: An aspiration-based model of human trafficking vulnerability. Political Behavior, 40(1), 247–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9401-0
  • Nwokeoma, B. N. (2018). Perception of demographic and cultural factors associated with the crime of human trafficking in Nigeria. African Population Studies, 32(2), 4239–4251. https://doi.org/10.11564/32-2-1196
  • Potrafke, N. (2016). Policies against human trafficking: The role of religion and political institutions. Economics of Governance, 17(4), 353–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10101-016-0181-5
  • Protocol (n.d). Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Available at https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/protocoltraffickinginpersons.aspx.
  • Rao, S., & Presenti, C. (2012). Understanding human trafficking origin: A cross-country empirical analysis. Feminist Economics, 18(2), 231–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2012.680978
  • Sandonà, L. (2020). Francis’ economic thought: His case for an inclusive economy. In. Forum for Social Economics, 49(4), 430–445. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2017.1279557
  • Schönhöfer, J. (2017). Political determinants of efforts to protect victims of human trafficking. Crime, Law and Social Change, 67(2), 153–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-016-9643-5
  • Segrave, M. (2009). Human trafficking and human rights. Australian Journal of Human Rights, 14(2), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/1323238X.2009.11910855
  • Sodano, V. (2011). The new division of labor in the globalized economy: Women’s challenges and opportunities. Forum for Social Economics, 40(3), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12143-011-9096-7
  • Tallmadge, R., & Gitter, R. J. (2018). The determinants of human trafficking in the European Union. Journal of Human Trafficking, 4(2), 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2017.1336368
  • The World Bank Group (2021). Women, Business, and the Law 2021. Available at https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/reports.
  • U.S. Department of State (n.d). About human trafficking. https://www.state.gov/humantrafficking-about-human-trafficking/.
  • UNICEF (2020). Advancing positive gender norms and socialization through UNICEF programmes: Monitoring and documenting change. https://www.unicef.org/eca/media/16456/file/Advancing_Positive_Gender_Norms_and_Socialization_through_UNICEF_Programmes%3A_Monitoring_and_Documenting_Change_%7C_Executive_Summary.pdf.
  • UNODC (2020). Global Report of Trafficking in Persons 2020. United Nations publication, Sales No. E.20.IV.3.
  • UNODC (n.d). Human trafficking FAQs. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/faqs.html.
  • Van Dijk, J., & Klerx-Van Mierlo, F. (2014). Quantitative indices for anti-human trafficking policies: Based on reports of the US State Department and the Council of Europe. Crime, Law and Social Change, 61(2), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9510-6
  • Vyas, S., & Heise, L. (2016). How do area-level socioeconomic status and gender norms affect partner violence against women? Evidence from Tanzania. International Journal of Public Health, 61(8), 971–980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-016-0876-y
  • Watson, J., & Silkstone, C. (2006). Human trafficking as a form of gender-based violence—Protecting the victim. Agenda, 20(70), 110–118.
  • World Bank (2022). Female labor force participation. https://genderdata.worldbank.org/data-stories/flfp-data-story/#:∼:text=Women%20are%20less%20likely%20to,do%20work%2C%20they%20earn%20less

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.