Nitrosative stress and cytokines are linked with the severity of sepsis and organ dysfunction

References

• Fleischmann C, Scherag A, Adhikari NK, et al. Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193:259–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• László I, Trásy D, Molnár Z, et al. Sepsis: from pathophysiology to individualized patient care. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soriano FG, Lorigados CB, Pacher P, et al. Effects of a potent peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst in murine models of endotoxemia and sepsis. Shock. 2011;35:560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agusti A, Morla M, Sauleda J, et al. NF-κB activation and iNOS upregulation in skeletal muscle of patients with COPD and low body weight. Thorax. 2004;59:483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao K, Chen S, Chen M, et al. Nitric oxide suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation and protects against LPS-induced septic shock. Cell Res. 2013;23:201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korhonen R, Lahti A, Kankaanranta H, et al. Nitric oxide production and signaling in inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005;4:471–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tallam A, Perumal TM, Antony PM, et al. Gene regulatory network inference of immunoresponsive gene 1 (IRG1) identifies interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) as its transcriptional regulator in mammalian macrophages. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0149050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wink DA, Hines HB, Cheng RY, et al. Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response. J Leukoc Biol. 2011;89:873–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Z, Chen YR, Jones CI III, et al. Shear-induced reactive nitrogen species inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex activities in cultured vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007;292:C1103–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzegar E, Nouri M, Mousavi S, et al. Vasopressin in septic shock; assessment of sepsis biomarkers: a randomized, controlled trial. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2017;21:578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Gupta E, Kaushik S, et al. Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant status: correlation with the severity of sepsis. Scand J Immunol. 2018;87:e12653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:304–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel S, Kumar S, Jyoti A, et al. Nitric oxide donors release extracellular traps from human neutrophils by augmenting free radical generation. Nitric Oxide. 2010;22:226–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew FY. Regulation of lymphocyte functions by nitric oxide. Curr Opin Immunol. 1995;7:396–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy G, Koncz A, Perl A. T cell activation-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization is mediated by Ca2+-and redox-dependent production of nitric oxide. J Immunol. 2003;171:5188–5197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee M, Saluja R, Tewari S, et al. Augmented nitric oxide generation in neutrophils: oxidative and pro-inflammatory implications in hypertension. Free Radic Res. 2009;43:1195–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanjoh K, Tomita R, Izumi T, et al. The expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase messenger RNA on monocytes in severe acute pancreatitis. Hepato Gastroenterol. 2007;54:927–931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang CH, Lin HC, Liu CY, et al. Upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cytokine secretion in peripheral blood monocytes from pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2001;5:283–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogdan C. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: an update. Trends Immunol. 2015;36:161–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiva S. Nitrite: a physiological store of nitric oxide and modulator of mitochondrial function. Redox Biol. 2013;1:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Sandt AM, Windler R, Gödecke A, et al. Endothelial NOS (NOS3) impairs myocardial function in developing sepsis. Basic Res Cardiol. 2013;108:330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra A, Enkhbaatar P, Nakano Y, et al. Sepsis: emerging role of nitric oxide and selectins. Clinics. 2006;61:71–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenbaek JB, Al Therwani S, Jensen JM, et al. Effect of sodium nitrite on renal function and sodium and water excretion and brachial and central blood pressure in healthy subjects: a dose-response study. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2017;313:F378–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari P, Kulkarni H, Dheda S, et al. Serum iron markers are inadequate for guiding iron repletion in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;6:CJN–04190510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basher F, Fan H, Zingarelli B, et al. β-Arrestin 2: a negative regulator of inflammatory responses in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2008;1:32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry H, Zhou J, Zhong Y, et al. Role of cytokines as a double-edged sword in sepsis. In Vivo. 2013;27:669–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulte W, Bernhagen J, Bucala R. Cytokines in sepsis: potent immunoregulators and potential therapeutic targets—an updated view. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:1–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akcay A, Nguyen Q, Edelstein CL. Mediators of inflammation in acute kidney injury. Mediators Inflamm. 2009;2009:1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chousterman BG, Swirski FK, Weber GF. Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:517–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothari N, Bogra J, Kohli M, et al. Role of active nitrogen molecules in progression of septic shock. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56:307–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pessach IM, Nimrod A, Lipsky A, et al. C102 critical care: predicting and identifying ARDS development, sepsis and clinical deterioration: early prediction of clinically significant deterioration of critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care. 2017;195:A6814.
   Google Scholar
• Chen W, Janz DR, Shaver CM, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes are similar in ARDS diagnosed by oxygen saturation/FiO2 ratio compared with PaO2/FiO2 ratio. Chest. 2015;148:1477–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutak E, Ozer AB, Demirel I, et al. The relationship between serum bilirubin level with interleukin. 6, interleukin. 10 and mortality scores in patients with sepsis. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014;17:517–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher J, Russell JA, Bentzer P, et al. Heparin-binding protein (HBP): a causative marker and potential target for heparin treatment of human sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Shock. 2017;48:313–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambroggio L, Florin TA, Shah SS, et al. Emerging biomarkers of illness severity: urinary metabolites associated with sepsis and necrotizing methicillin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Pharmacotherapy. 2017;37:1033–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper DS, Claes D, Goldstein SL, et al. Follow-up renal assessment of injury long-term after acute kidney injury (FRAIL-AKI). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11:21–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar