Exploring the role of primary regulation differences for cannabis legalization outcomes – preliminary data from two Canadian provinces

References

• Boury, H., Hall, W., & Fischer, B. (2022). Developments and changes in primary public health outcome indicators associated with the legalization of non-medical cannabis use and supply in Canada (2018): A comprehensive overview. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00986-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSUA). (2023). Policy and Regulations (Cannabis). Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction. Retrieved 2023 Oct 1 from https://www.ccsa.ca/policy-and-regulations-cannabis
   Google Scholar
• Caulkins, J. P., & Kilborn, M. L. (2019). Cannabis legalization, regulation, & control: a review of key challenges for local, state, and provincial officials. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 45(6), 689–697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2019.1611840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, C. (2018). The Canadian cannabis act legalizes and regulates recreational cannabis use in 2018. Health Policy , 122(3), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decorte, T., Lenton, S., Wilkins, C., eds (2020). Legalizing Cannabis: Experiences, Lessons and Scenarios. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Farrelly, K. N., Wardell, J. D., Marsden, E., Scarfe, M. L., Najdzionek, P., Turna, J., & MacKillop, J. (2023). The impact of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use and associated outcomes: A systematic review. Substance Abuse: research and Treatment, 17, 11782218231172054. https://doi.org/10.1177/11782218231172054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B. (2017). Legalisation of non-medical cannabis in Canada: will supply regulations effectively serve public health? The Lancet Public Health, 2(12), e536–e537. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30213-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., & Hall, W. (2023). Will Germany’s new cannabis policy reform plans serve public health? European Journal of Public Health, 33(5), 753–754. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckad077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., Jutras-Aswad, D., & Hall, W. (2023). Outcomes associated with non-medical cannabis legalization policy in Canada: taking stock at the 5-year mark. Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de L'Association Medicale Canadienne, 195(39), E1351–E1353. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.230808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., Robinson, T., Bullen, C., Curran, V., Jutras-Aswad, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., Liccardo Pacula, R., Rehm, J., Room, R., van den Brink, W., & Hall, W. (2022). Lower-risk cannabis use guidelines (LRCUG) for reducing health harms from non-medical cannabis use: A comprehensive evidence and recommendations update. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 99, 103381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, B., Russell, C., Rehm, J., & Leece, P. (2019). Assessing the public health impact of cannabis legalization in Canada: Core outcome indicators towards an ‘index’ for monitoring and evaluation. Journal of Public Health , 41(2), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, M. T., Zukerberg, J., Lewandowski, T. E., Piccolo, K. B., & Mortensen, K. (2022). Societal costs and outcomes of medical and recreational marijuana policies in the United States: A systematic review. Medical Care Research and Review, 79(6), 743–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775587211067315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnon, F., Huynh, C., Kilborn, M., Fry, M., Vallée, R., & Janezic, I. (2022). Municipal regulation of cannabis and public health in Canada: A comparison of Alberta, Ontario, and Québec. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 40(2), 271–291. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, S., Wadsworth, E., & Hammond, D. (2022). Reasons for purchasing cannabis from illegal sources in legal markets: Findings among cannabis consumers in Canada and U.S. States, 2019–2020. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 83(3), 392–401. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2022.83.392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2017). Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS): summary of results for 2017. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2023 Oct 1 from https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canadian-alcohol-drugs-survey/2017-summary.html
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2022). Canadian Cannabis Survey 2022: Summary. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2023 Oct 1 from https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2022-summary.html
   Google Scholar
• Hall, W., Stjepanović, D., Caulkins, J., Lynskey, M., Leung, J., Campbell, G., & Degenhardt, L. (2019). Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use. Lancet, 394(10208), 1580–1590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31789-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Canada. (2022). 2022 Canadian Cannabis Survey (CCS) Detailed Tables. https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2022/sc-hc/H21-312-2022-2-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Knottnerus, J. A., Blom, T., van Eerden, S., Mans, J. H. H., van de Mheen, D., de Neeling, J. N. D., Schelfhout, D. C. L., Seidell, J. C., van Wijk, A. H., van Wingerde, C. G. K., & van den Brink, W. (2023). Cannabis policy in The Netherlands: Rationale and design of an experiment with a controlled legal ('closed’) cannabis supply chain. Health Policy, 129, 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2022.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake, S., Kerr, T., Werb, D., Haines-Saah, R., Fischer, B., Thomas, G., Walsh, Z., Ware, M. A., Wood, E., & Milloy, M. J. (2019).) Guidelines for public health and safety metrics to evaluate the potential harms and benefits of cannabis regulation in Canada. Drug and Alcohol Review, 38(6), 606–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12971
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancione, S., Wade, K., Windle, S. B., Filion, K. B., Thombs, B. D., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2020). Jan) Non-medical cannabis in North America: An overview of regulatory approaches. Public Health, 178, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2019.08.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myran, D. T., Friesen, E. L., Dickson, S., Konikoff, L., Arora, G., & Tanuseputro, P. (2023). Access to legal cannabis market in Canada over the four years following non-medical cannabis legalisation. Drug and Alcohol Review, 42(5), 1114–1119. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myran, D. T., Imtiaz, S., Konikoff, L., Douglas, L., & Elton-Marshall, T. (2023). Changes in health harms due to cannabis following legalisation of non-medical cannabis in Canada in context of cannabis commercialisation: A scoping review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 42(2), 277–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myran, D. T., Tanuseputro, P., Auger, N., Konikoff, L., Talarico, R., & Finkelstein, Y. (2023). Pediatric hospitalizations for unintentional cannabis poisonings and all-cause poisonings associated with edible cannabis product legalization and sales in Canada. JAMA Health Forum, 4(1), e225041. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.5041
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen, H. V., & Mital, S. (2022). Changes in youth cannabis use after an increase in cannabis minimum legal age in Quebec, Canada. JAMA Network Open, 5(6), e2217648. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.17648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacula, R. L., Powell, D., Heaton, P., & Sevigny, E. L. (2015). Assessing the effects of medical marijuana laws on marijuana use: the devil is in the details. Journal of Policy Analysis & Management, 34(1), 7–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Safety Canada. (2022). Annual National Data Report to Inform Trends and Patterns in Drug-Impaired Driving 2022. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2022-did-fad/index-en.aspx#s5.4
   Google Scholar
• Queirolo, R., Álvarez, E., Sotto, B., & Cruz, J. M. (2023). How high-frequency users embraced cannabis regulation in Uruguay. Journal of Drug Issues, 53(4), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220426221134902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2022). World Drug Report 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2023 from https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2022.html
   Google Scholar
• Wadsworth, E., Cristiano, N., Pacheco, K., Jesseman, R., & Hammond, D. (2022). Home cultivation across Canadian provinces after cannabis legalization. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 15, 100423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100423
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wadsworth, E., Rynard, V., Driezen, P., Freeman, T. P., Rychert, M., Wilkins, C., Hall, W., Gabrys, R., & Hammond, D. (2023). Legal sourcing of ten cannabis products in the Canadian cannabis market, 2019–2021: a repeat cross-sectional study. Harm Reduction Journal, 20(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-023-00753-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar