Relative Power and Costly Signals of Civilian Loyalty: Protest Behavior Against Armed Actors in the Colombian Civil War, 1990–2004

References

• Alvarez, M., and J. Nagler. 1998. “When Politics and Models Collide: Estimating Models of Multiparty Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 42 (1): 55–96. https://doi.org/10.2307/2991747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, M., and M. Wallace. 2013. Opting Out of War. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Angstrom, J. 2001. “Towards a Typology of Internal Armed Conflict: Synthesising a Decade of Conceptual Turmoil.” Civil Wars 4 (3): 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698240108402480.
   Google Scholar
• Arjona, A. 2016. Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baines, E., and E. Paddon. 2012. “’this Is How We survived’: Civilian Agency and Humanitarian Protection.” Security Dialogue 43 (3): 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010612444150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balcells, L., and A. Steele. 2016. “Warfare, Political Identities, and Displacement in Spain and Colombia.” Political Geography 51:15–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barter, S. 2012. “Unarmed Forces: Civilian Strategy in Violent Conflicts.” Peace & Change 37 (4): 544–571. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.2012.00770.x.
   Google Scholar
• Cappellari, L., and S. Jenkins. 2003. “Multivariate Probit Regression Using Simulated Maximum Likelihood.” The Stata Journal 3 (3): 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0300300305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, L. 2011. Violent Democratization: Social Movements, Elites, and Politics in Colombia’s Rural War Zones, 1984–2008. South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press.
   Google Scholar
• CINEP. 2002. Base de Datos de Luchas Sociales. Bogota.
   Google Scholar
• Durán, G. M. 2005. “Repertorio de Acciones Colectivas en la Movilización por la Paz en Colombia (1978-2003).” Controversia 184:149–173.
   Google Scholar
• EPICA and CHRLA. 1993. “Out of the Shadows: The Communities of Population in Resistance in Guatemala.” Social Justice 20 (3/4): 143–162.
   Google Scholar
• Fearon, J., and D. Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97 (1): 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055403000534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González, F., I. Bolívar, and T. Vásquez. 2002. Violencia Política en Colombia: de la nación fragmentada a la construcción del Estado. Bogotá: CINEP.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, W. 2003. Economic Analysis. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, L., and C. Mitchell. 2007. Zones of Peace. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández Delgado, E. 2004. Resistencia Civil Artesana de Paz: Experiencias indígenas, afrodescendientes and campesinas. Bogotá: Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.
   Google Scholar
• Jhonson, C. 1962. “Civilian Loyalties and Guerrilla Conflict.” World Politics 14 (4): 646–661. https://doi.org/10.2307/2009313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, S. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, S. 2012. “Micro-Level Studies of Violence in Civil War: Refining and Extending the Control-Collaboration Model.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24 (4): 658–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, S., and M. Kocher. 2007. “How “Free” Is Free Riding in Civil Wars?: Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem.” World Politics 59 (2): 177–216. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2007.0023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, O. 2017. Resisting War: How Communities Protect Themselves. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• La marcha de la rabia. February 2, 2008. http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/la-marcha-rabia/90798-3.
   Google Scholar
• Lubkemann, S. 2008. Culture in Chaos: An Anthropology of Social Condition of War. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahony, L., and L. Eguren. 1997. Unarmed Bodyguards : International Accompaniment for the Protection of Human Rights. West Hartford: Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mampilly, Z. 2011. Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life During War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, T.-T. 1961. On Guerrilla Warfare. US Marine Corps.
   Google Scholar
• McColl, R. 1969. “The insurgent state: territorial bases of revolution.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 59 (4): 613–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb01803.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metelits, C. 2010. Inside Insurgency: Violence, Civilians, and Revolutionary Group Behavior. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moreno León, C. 2017. “Chronicle of a Survival Foretold: How Protest Behavior Against Armed Actors Influenced Violence in the Colombian Civil War, 1988–2005.” Latin American Politics and Society 59 (4): 3–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno León, C. 2021. “Migrate, Cooperate, or Resist: The Civilians’ Dilemma in the Colombian Civil War, 1998–2010.” Latin American Research Review 56 (2): 318–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pécaut, D. 2001. “Guerra contra la sociedad.” Espasa.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, R. D. 2001. Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Registraduria Nacional del Estado Civil. 1988. Estadisticas Electorales 1988. Bogotá: Registraduria Nacional del Estado Civil.
   Google Scholar
• Restrepo, J., M. Spagat, and J. F. Vargas. 2006. “Special Data Feature; the Severity of the Colombian Conflict: Cross-Country Datasets versus New Micro-Data.” Journal of Peace Research 43 (1): 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343306059924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubiger, L. 2021. “State Violence and Wartime Civilian Agency: Evidence from Peru.” The Journal of Politics 83 (4): 1383–1398. https://doi.org/10.1086/711720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, S. 2008. “Revolution and Reaction in the Himalayas: Cultural Resistance and the Maoist “New regime” in Western Nepal.” American Ethnologist 35 (3): 481–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1425.2008.00047.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, A. 2011. “Electing Displacement: Political Cleansing in Apartadó, Colombia.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55 (3): 423–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002711400975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez, A. 2007. Identidades Políticas y Exterminio Recíproco: Masacres y Guerra en Urabá. Bogotá: La Carreta.
   Google Scholar
• Tilly, C. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tokdemir, E., E. Sedashov, S. Hande Ogutcu-Fu, C. Moreno León, J. Berkowitz, and S. Akcinaroglu. 2021. “Rebel Rivalry and the Strategic Nature of Rebel Group Ideology and Demands.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 65 (4): 729–758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribe de Hincapié, M. 2009. “Notas Preliminares sobre Resistencias de la Sociedad Civil en un Contexto de Guerras y Transacciones.” Estudios Políticos (Medellín) 29 (29): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.espo.1296.
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, P. 2009. Neutrality in Internal Armed Conflicts: Experiences at the Grassroots Level in Colombia. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
   Google Scholar
• Varshney, A. 2003. “Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality.” Perspectives on Politics 1 (1): 85–99.
   Google Scholar
• Vüllers, J., and R. Krtsch. 2020. “Raise Your Voices! Civilian Protest in Civil Wars.” Political Geography 80:102183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein, J. 2007. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. B. 1992. “Cults of Violence and Counter-Violence in Mozambique.” Journal of Southern African Studies 18 (3): 527–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057079208708326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, E. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, R. 2010. “Rebel Capability and Strategic Violence Against Civilians.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (5): 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343310376473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R. 2014. “Opportunities to Kill or Incentives for Restraint? Rebel Capabilities, the Origins of Support, and Civilian Victimization in Civil War.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 31 (5): 461–480. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894213510122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar