1,541
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Dilemmas of resistance: How concerns for cultural aspects of identity shape and constrain resistance among minority groups

, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 45-87 | Received 15 May 2020, Accepted 17 Jan 2023, Published online: 24 Feb 2023

References

  • Anderson, A. B. (2018). Overview: The diversity and complexity of separatist movements in Europe. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe: JEMIE, 17(3), 4–44. International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS); Publicly Available Content Database.
  • Antaki, C., & Widdicombe, S. (Eds.). (1998). Identities in talk. SAGE Publications.
  • Ayanian, A. H., Tausch, N., Acar, Y. G., Chayinska, M., Cheung, W. -Y., & Lukyanova, Y. (2021). Resistance in repressive contexts: A comprehensive test of psychological predictors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(4), 912–939. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000285
  • Bilali, R., & Vollhardt, J. R. (2019). Victim and perpetrator groups’ divergent perspectives on collective violence: Implications for intergroup relations. Political Psychology, 40(S1), 75–108. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12570
  • Billig, M. (1985). Prejudice, categorization and particularization: From a perceptual to a rhetorical approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15(1), 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420150107
  • Bourhis, R. Y., Sachdev, I., Ehala, M., & Giles, H. (2019). Assessing 40 years of group vitality research and future directions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 38(4), 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X19868974
  • Bowie, F. (1993). Wales from Within: Conflicting interpretations of Welsh Identity. In S. Macdonald (Ed.), Inside European identities1993 (pp. 167–193). Routledge.
  • Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (Eds.). (2004). Collective guilt: International perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
  • Branscombe, N. R., Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999). The context and content of social identity threat. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 35–58). Blackwell Science.
  • Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167291175001
  • Césaire, A. (2000). Discourse on colonialism. Monthly Review Press.
  • Chayinska, M., Kende, A., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2021). National identity and beliefs about historical linguicide are associated with support for exclusive language policies among the Ukrainian linguistic majority. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25(4), 136843022098591. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220985911
  • Choudry, A., & Vally, S. (Eds.). (2017). Reflections on Knowledge, learning and social movements: History’s schools (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315163826
  • Christian, J., Gadfield, N. J., Giles, H., & Taylor, D. M. (1976). The multidimensional and dynamic nature of ethnic identity(1). International Journal of Psychology, 11(4), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207597608247363
  • Cornejo, M., Rocha, C., Castro, D., Varela, M., Manzi, J., González, R., Jiménez‐moya, G., Carvacho, H., Álvarez, B., Valdenegro, D., Cheyre, M., & Livingstone, A. G. (2021). The intergenerational transmission of participation in collective action: The role of conversation and political practices in the family. British Journal of Social Psychology, 60(1), 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12420
  • Coupland, N., Bishop, H., & Garrett, P. (2003). Home truths: Globalisation and the iconising of Welsh in a Welsh-American Newspaper. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 24(3), 153–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434630308666495
  • Crisp, R. J., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (2006). Multiple social categorization: Processes, models and applications. Psychology Press.
  • Danieli, Y. (1998). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/concordiaab-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3085533
  • Davies, J. (2007). A history of Wales (rev. ed., rev.Updated ed). Penguin Books.
  • de la Sablonnière, R. (2017). Toward a psychology of social change: A typology of social change. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00397
  • de la Sablonnière, R., & Taylor, D. M. (2020). A social change framework for addressing collective action: Introducing collective inertia. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.006
  • Doosje, B., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1998). Guilty by association: When one’s group has a negative history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 872–886. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.872
  • Doosje, B., Spears, R., & Ellemers, N. (2002). Social identity as both cause and effect: The development of group identification in response to anticipated and actual changes in the intergroup status hierarchy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466602165054
  • Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2000). Collective action and psychological change: The emergence of new social identities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39(4), 579–604. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466600164642
  • Edwards, D. (1991). Categories are for talking: On the cognitive and discursive bases of categorization. Theory & Psychology, 1(4), 515–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354391014007
  • Fanon, F. (2001). The wretched of the earth (repr). Penguin books.
  • Fanon, F. (2021). Black skin, white masks (R. Philcox, Ed.). Penguin Books.
  • Feinberg, M., Willer, R., & Kovacheff, C. (2020). The activist’s dilemma: Extreme protest actions reduce popular support for social movements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(5), 1086–1111. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000230
  • Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., & Taylor, D. M. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethic group relations. In H. Giles (Ed.), Language, ethnicity, and intergroup relations (pp. 307–348). Academic Press.
  • Giles, H., & Johnson, P. (1987). Ethnolinguistic identity theory: A social psychological approach to language maintenance. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 1987(68), 69–100. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1987.68.69
  • Giles, H., Taylor, D. M., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1977). Dimensions of welsh identity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 7(2), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420070205
  • González, R., Alvarez, B., Manzi, J., Varela, M., Frigolett, C., Livingstone, A. G., Louis, W., Carvacho, H., Castro, D., Cheyre, M., Cornejo, M., Jiménez-Moya, G., Rocha, C., & Valdenegro, D. (2021). The role of family in the intergenerational transmission of collective action. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(6), 856–867. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620949378
  • Gopal, P. (2019). Insurgent empire: Anticolonial resistance and British dissent. Verso.
  • Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., & Reynolds, K. J. (1997). The group as a basis for emergent stereotype consensus. European Review of Social Psychology, 8(1), 203–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779643000128
  • Hollander, J. A., & Einwohner, R. L. (2004). Conceptualizing Resistance. Sociological Forum, 19(4), 533–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11206-004-0694-5
  • Hornsey, M. J., & Hogg, M. A. (2000). Subgroup relations: A comparison of mutual intergroup differentiation and common ingroup identity models of prejudice reduction. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(2), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200264010
  • Humphries, J. (2008). Freedom fighters: Wales’s forgotten “war”, 1963 - 1993. Univ. of Wales Press.
  • Hyde, D. (1892). The necessity for de-anglicising Ireland. Academic Press Leiden.
  • Iyer, A., & Leach, C. W. (2008). Emotion in inter-group relations. European Review of Social Psychology, 19(1), 86–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280802079738
  • Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Schmitt, M. T., & Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a Cause: Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(9), 1204–1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201279012
  • Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R., & McKimmie, B. M. (2003). Predicting the paths of peripherals: The interaction of identification and future possibilities. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(1), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167202238378
  • Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Postmes, T. (2004). Intergroup distinctiveness and differentiation: A meta-analytic integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(6), 862–879. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.6.862
  • Jetten, J., & Wohl, M. J. A. (2012). The past as a determinant of the present: Historical continuity, collective angst, and opposition to immigration: Historical continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 442–450. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.865
  • Kachanoff, F. J., Kteily, N. S., Khullar, T. H., Park, H. J., & Taylor, D. M. (2020). Determining our destiny: Do restrictions to collective autonomy fuel collective action? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 119(3), 600–632. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000217
  • Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Blackwell Publishers.
  • Klein, O., & Licata, L. (2003). When group representations serve social change: The speeches of Patrice Lumumba during the congolese decolonization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 571–593. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466603322595284
  • Kostov, C. (Ed.). (2020). Separatism and regionalism in modern Europe. Logos Verlag.
  • Langlands, R. (1999). Britishness or Englishness? The historical problem of national identity in Britain. Nations and Nationalism, 5(1), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-5078.1999.00053.x
  • Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Leach, C. W., & Livingstone, A. G. (2015). Contesting the meaning of intergroup disadvantage: Towards a psychology of resistance: meaning of disadvantage. The Journal of Social Issues, 71(3), 614–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12131
  • Licata, L., Khan, S. S., Lastrego, S., Cabecinhas, R., Valentim, J. P., & Liu, J. H. (2018). Social representations of colonialism in Africa and in Europe: Structure and relevance for contemporary intergroup relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 62, 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.05.004
  • Liu, J. H., & Hilton, D. J. (2005). How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44(4), 537–556. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X27162
  • Livingstone, A. G., Manstead, A. S. R., Spears, R., & Bowen, D. (2011). The language barrier? Context, identity, and support for political goals in minority ethnolinguistic groups: Minority identities and group goals. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50(4), 747–768. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466610X529907
  • Livingstone, A. G., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2009). The language of change? Characterizations of in-group social position, threat, and the deployment of distinctive group attributes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X329533
  • Livingstone, A. G., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Bruder, M. (2009). Illegitimacy and identity threat in (inter)action: Predicting intergroup orientations among minority group members. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48(4), 755–775. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466608X398591
  • Livingstone, A. G., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Bruder, M. (2011). The more, the merrier? Numerical strength versus subgroup distinctiveness in minority groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(4), 786–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.03.012
  • Lynch, M. (2011). Scotland: A new history. Pimlico.
  • Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602–616. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.602
  • Makanju, D., Livingstone, A. G., & Sweetman, J. (2022). How group members appraise collective history: Appraisal dimensions of collective history and their role in in-group engagement. Journal of Social and Political Psychology. https://doi.org/10.23668/PSYCHARCHIVES.7025
  • Makanju, D., Livingstone, A. G., Sweetman, J., & Wetherell, G. (2020). Testing the effect of historical representations on collective identity and action. PLoS One, 15(4), e0231051. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231051
  • Mummendey, A., & Wenzel, M. (1999). Social discrimination and tolerance in intergroup relations: Reactions to intergroup difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0302_4
  • Noor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Nadler, A. (2012). When suffering begets suffering: The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 351–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868312440048
  • Obradović, S., & Howarth, C. (2018). The power of politics: How political leaders in Serbia discursively manage identity continuity and political change to shape the future of the nation: The power of politics. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(1), O25–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2277
  • Pieterse, J. N. (1990). Empire & emancipation: Power and liberation on a world scale. Pluto Press.
  • Rabinovich, A., & Morton, T. A. (2012). Ghosts of the past and dreams of the future: The impact of temporal focus on responses to contextual ingroup devaluation. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(3), 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211427307
  • Raby, R. (2005). What is resistance? Journal of Youth Studies, 8(2), 151–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260500149246
  • Reicher, S. D. (1996). ‘The battle of westminster’: Developing the social identity model of crowd behaviour in order to explain the initiation and development of collective conflict. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26(1), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199601)26:1<115:AID-EJSP740>3.0.CO;2-Z
  • Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001). Self and nation: Categorization, contestation, and mobilization. SAGE.
  • Reicher, S., Hopkins, N., & Condor, S. (1997). Stereotype construction as a strategy of influence. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 94–118). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and outgroup attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_4
  • Robinson, C. J. (2021). Black Marxism: The making of the Black radical tradition. Penguin Books Ltd.
  • Roccas, S., Klar, Y., & Liviatan, I. (2006). The paradox of group-based guilt: Modes of national identification, conflict vehemence, and reactions to the in-group’s moral violations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(4), 698–711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.698
  • Rosales, C., & Langhout, R. D. (2020). Just because we don’t see it, doesn’t mean it’s not there: Everyday resistance in psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12508
  • Roseman, I. J. (1991). Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 5(3), 161–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939108411034
  • Roth, J., Huber, M., Juenger, A., & Liu, J. H. (2017). It’s about valence: Historical continuity or historical discontinuity as a threat to social identity. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(2), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i2.677
  • Saab, R., Spears, R., Tausch, N., & Sasse, J. (2016). Predicting aggressive collective action based on the efficacy of peaceful and aggressive actions: Action efficacy and aggressive collective action. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(5), 529–543. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2193
  • Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and imperialism (3. [reprinted]). Vintage.
  • Sani, F., Bowe, M., & Herrera, M. (2008). Perceived collective continuity and social well-being: Exploring the connections. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(2), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.461
  • Sani, F., Bowe, M., Herrera, M., Manna, C., Cossa, T., Miao, X., & Zhou, Y. (2007). Perceived collective continuity: Seeing groups as entities that move through time. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(6), 1118–1134. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.430
  • Scheepers, D., Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2002). Integrating identity and instrumental approaches to intergroup differentiation: Different contexts, different motives. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(11), 1455–1467. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237574
  • Scheepers, D., Spears, R., Doosje, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2003). Two functions of verbal intergroup discrimination:Identity and Instrumental Motives as a Result of Group Identification and Threat. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(5), 568–577. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167203029005002
  • Scott, J. C. (2000). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance (Nachdr.). Yale Univ. Press.
  • Simon, B., & Klandermans, B. (2001). Politicized collective identity: A social psychological analysis. The American Psychologist, 56(4), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.4.319
  • Simon, B., Loewy, M., Stürmer, S., Weber, U., Freytag, P., Habig, C., Kampmeier, C., & Spahlinger, P. (1998). Collective identification and social movement participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 646–658. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.646
  • Smith, E. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2015). Dynamics of group-based emotions: Insights from intergroup emotions theory. Emotion Review, 7(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073915590614
  • Spears, R., Jetten, J., & Scheepers, D. (2002). Distinctiveness and the definition of collective self: A tripartite model. In A. Tesser, D. A. Stapel, & J. V. Wood (Eds.), Self and motivation: Emerging psychological perspectives (pp. 147–171). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10448-006
  • Spears, R., Jetten, J., Scheepers, D., & Cihangir, S. (2009). Creative distinctiveness: Explaining in-group bias in minimal groups. In S. Otten, K. Sassenberg, & T. Kessler (Eds.), Intergroup relations: The role of motivation and emotion (pp. 23–40). Psychology Press.
  • Stott, C., Adang, O., Livingstone, A., & Schreiber, M. (2007). Variability in the collective behaviour of England fans at Euro2004: ‘Hooliganism’, public order policing and social change. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.338
  • Sweetman, J., Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Pratto, F., & Saab, R. (2013). “I have a dream”: A Typology of social change goals. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 293–320. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.85
  • Sweetman, J., Maio, G. R., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Livingstone, A. G. (2019). Attitude toward protest uniquely predicts (normative and nonnormative) political action by (advantaged and disadvantaged) group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.001
  • Tajfel, H. (1978). The social psychology of minorities. Minority Rights Group. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=j7ZXjgEACAAJ
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Brooks-Cole.
  • Tausch, N., Becker, J. C., Spears, R., Christ, O., Saab, R., Singh, P., & Siddiqui, R. N. (2011). Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022728
  • Teixeira, C. P., Spears, R., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2020). Is Martin Luther King or Malcolm X the more acceptable face of protest? High-status groups’ reactions to low-status groups’ collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(5), 919–944. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000195
  • Thomas, E. F., Mavor, K. I., & McGarty, C. (2012). Social identities facilitate and encapsulate action-relevant constructs: A test of the social identity model of collective action. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(1), 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211413619
  • Thomas, E. F., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. I. (2009). Transforming “apathy into movement”: The Role of prosocial emotions in motivating action for social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 310–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309343290
  • Trosset, C. S. (1986). The social identity of Welsh learners. Language in Society, 15(2), 165–191. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500000178
  • Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.
  • Turner-Zwinkels, F. M., & van Zomeren, M. (2021). Identity expression through collective action: How identification with a politicized group and its identity contents differently motivated identity-expressive collective action in the U.S. 2016 presidential elections. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(3), 499–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220933406
  • van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504
  • van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H., & Leach, C. W. Put your money where your mouth is! explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. (2004). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 649–664. Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.649
  • Vollhardt, J. R. (2012). Collective victimization. In L. Tropp (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of intergroup conflict (pp. 136–157). Oxford University Press.
  • Vollhardt, J. (Ed.). (2020). The social psychology of collective victimhood. Oxford University Press.
  • Vollhardt, J. R., Okuyan, M., & Ünal, H. (2020). Resistance to collective victimization and oppression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 92–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.04.001
  • Wetherell, M., & Potter, J. (1992). Mapping the language of racism: Discourse and the legitimation of exploitation (1. publ). Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Wohl, M. J. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Reysen, S. (2010). Perceiving your group’s future to be in Jeopardy: Extinction threat induces collective angst and the desire to strengthen the ingroup. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(7), 898–910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210372505
  • Wohl, M. J. A., Giguère, B., Branscombe, N. R., & McVicar, D. N. (2011). One day we might be no more: Collective angst and protective action from potential distinctiveness loss. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(3), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.773
  • Wohl, M. J. A., King, M., & Taylor, D. M. (2014). Expressions of political practice: Collective angst moderates politicized collective identity to predict support for political protest (peaceful or violent) among diaspora group members. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 43, 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.020
  • Wohl, M. J. A., Stefaniak, A., & Smeekes, A. (2020). Days of future past: Concerns for the group’s future prompt longing for its past (and ways to reclaim it). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(5), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420924766
  • Wright, S. C., Taylor, D. M., & Moghaddam, F. M. (1990). Responding to membership in a disadvantaged group: From acceptance to collective protest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 994–1003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.994
  • Zimmermann, A., Abrams, D., Doosje, B., & Manstead, A. S. R. (2011). Causal and moral responsibility: Antecedents and consequences of group-based guilt: Moral responsibility and group-based guilt. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(7), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.826