Mitigating Organizational Conspiracy Beliefs Through Strategic Internal Communication and Employee–Organization Relationships (EOR) in the Workplace

References

• Abalakina-Paap, M., Stephan, W., Craig, T., & Gregory, W. L. (1999). Beliefs in conspiracies. Political Psychology, 20(3), 637–647. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldoory, L., & Toth, E. (2004). Leadership and gender in public relations: Perceived effectiveness of transformational and transactional leadership styles. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16(2), 157–183. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532754xjprr1602_2
   Google Scholar
• Angle, H., & Perry, J. L. (1981). An empirical assessment of organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardèvol-Abreu, A., de Zúñiga, H. G., & Gámez, E. (2020). The influence of conspiracy beliefs on conventional and unconventional forms of political participation: The mediating role of political efficacy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 59(2), 549–569. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryee, S., Budhwar, P. S., & Chen, Z. X. (2002). Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of a social exchange model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(3), 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beggan, J. K. (2021). The conspiracy theory defense in response to whistleblower accusations: Turning a hero into a villain. Heroism Science, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.26736/hs.2021.02.02
   Google Scholar
• Bencsik, A., & Juhasz, T. (2020). Impacts of informal knowledge sharing (workplace gossip) on organisational trust. Economics & Sociology, 13(1), 249–270. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2020/13-1/16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, B. (2008, November 17). Employee/organizational communications. Institute for Public Relations. https://instituteforpr.org/employee-organizational-communications/
   Google Scholar
• Berry, B. (2004). Organizational culture: A framework and strategies for facilitating employee whistleblowing. Employee Responsibilities & Rights Journal, 16(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:errj.0000017516.40437.b1
   Google Scholar
• Bertin, P., Nera, K., & Delouvée, S. (2020). Conspiracy beliefs, rejection of vaccination, and support for hydroxychloroquine: A conceptual replication-extension in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. Article 565128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilewicz, M., & Krzeminski, I. (2010). Anti-semitism in Poland and Ukraine: The belief in Jewish control as a mechanism of scapegoating. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 4(2), 234–243. https://doi.org/10.4119/UNIBI/ijcv.74
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørkel, B., & Matthiesen, S. B. (2011). Preventing and dealing with retaliation against whistleblowers. In D. Lewis & W. Vandekerckhove (Eds.), Whistleblowing and democratic values (pp. 127–149). The International Whistleblowing.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in Social Life. John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S., & Lee, S. (2022). Conspiracy beliefs, misinformation, social media platforms, and protest participation. Media and Communication, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v10i4.5667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brashear, T. G., Manolis, C., & Brooks, C. M. (2005). The effects of control, trust, and justice on salesperson turnover. Journal of Business Research, 58(3), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00134-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burris, E., Detert, J. R., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2008). Quitting before leaving: The mediating effects of psychological attachment and detachment on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(4), 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, L. D., Koopman, C., & Zimbardo, P. G. (1995). The psychological impact of viewing the film “JFK”: Emotions, beliefs, and political behavioral intentions. Political Psychology, 16(2), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castel, N. G. (2005). Turnover begets turnover. The Gerontologist, 45(2), 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/45.2.186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chayinska, M., Uluğ, Ö. M., Ayanian, A. H., Gratzel, J. C., Brik, T., Kende, A., & McGarty, C. (2021). Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs and distrust of science predict risky public health behaviours through optimistically biased risk perceptions in Ukraine, Turkey, and Germany. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 25(6), 1616–1634. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220978278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chon, M.-G., Xu, L., Liu, J., Kim, J.-N., & Kim, J. (2022). From mind to mouth: Understanding active publics in China and their communicative behaviors on GM Foods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cichocka, A., Golec de Zavala, A., Marchlewska, M., & Olechowski, M. (2015). Grandiose delusions: Collective narcissism, secure in-group identification and belief in conspiracies. In M. Bilewicz, A. Cichocka, & W. Soral (Eds.), The psychology of conspiracy (pp. 42–61). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, C. J., & Smith, K. G. (2006). Knowledge exchange and combination: The role of human resource practices in the performance of high-technology firms. Academy of Management Journal, 49(3), 544–560. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2006.21794671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, J. M., Uscinski, J. E., Klofstad, C. A., & West, J. P. (2019). Communicating to the public in the era of conspiracy theory. Public Integrity, 21(5), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999922.2019.1603045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cookson, D., Jolley, D., Dempsey, R. C., & Povey, R. (2021). “If they believe, then so shall I”: Perceived beliefs of the in-group predict conspiracy theory belief. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(5), 759–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430221993907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social Exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Academy of Management Annals, 11(1), 479–516. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social Exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFonzo, N. (2018). Conspiracy rumor psychology. In J. E. Uscinski (Ed.), Conspiracy theories and the people who believe them (pp. 257–268). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844073.003.0017
   Google Scholar
• DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor, gossip and urban legends. Diogenes, 54(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192107073433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. M. (2021). Are conspiracy theories harmless? The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24(e13), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/SJP.2021.10
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. M., & Leite, A. C. (2017). Suspicion in the workplace: Organizational conspiracy theories and work‐related outcomes. British Journal of Psychology, 108(3), 486–506. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2023). What are conspiracy theories? A definitional approach to their correlates, consequences, and communication. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 271–298. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Douglas, K. M., Sutton, R. M., Callan, M. J., Dawtry, R. J., & Harvey, A. J. (2016). Someone is pulling the strings: Hypersensitive agency detection and belief in conspiracy theories. Thinking & Reasoning, 22(1), 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2015.1051586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, E. J., Sutton, R. M., Cichocka, A., Nefes, T., Ang, C. S., & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories. Advances in Political Psychology, 40(S1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dozier, D. M., Grunig, L. A., & Grunig, J. E. (1995). Manager’s guide to excellence in public relations and communication management. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Dyrendal, A., & Hestad, K. (2021). Trust in crisis. Approaching Religion, 11(2), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.30664/ar.107485
   Google Scholar
• The Economics Daily. (2022). Number of quits at all-time high in November 2021. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2022/number-of-quits-at-all-time-high-in-november-2021.htm
   Google Scholar
• Fatima, T., & Majeed, M. (2023). Detriments of exploitative leadership in the hotel industry: Role of conspiracy beliefs and forgiveness climate. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(7), 2624–2644. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-12-2021-1519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, T. H., Moon, S. I., Kozey, R. S., & Slowe, A. S. (2010). An erosion model of employee turnover based on network centrality. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 38(2), 167–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909881003639544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint, D., Haley, L. M., & McNally, J. J. (2013). Individual and organizational determinants of turnover intent. Personnel Review, 42(5), 552–572. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2012-0051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, D., & Bentall, R. P. (2017). The concomitants of conspiracy concerns. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(5), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1354-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., & Grover, S. (2022). Do you have to be mad to believe in conspiracy theories? Personality disorders and conspiracy theories. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(7), 1454–1461. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211031614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., & Horne, G. (2022). Cover ups and conspiracy theories: Demographics, work disenchantment, equity sensitivity, and beliefs in cover-ups. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 38(1), 19–25. https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2022a2
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, B. (2020, July 15). Conspiracy thinking in the workplace isn’t harmless gossip. Ethical Systems. https://www.ethicalsystems.org/conspiracy-thinking-in-the-workplace-isnt-harmless-gossip/
   Google Scholar
• Giglietto, F., Iannelli, L., Valeriani, A., & Rossi, L. (2019). ‘Fake news’ is the invention of a liar: How false information circulates within the hybrid news system. Current Sociology, 67(4), 625–642. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392119837536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 15(4), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golec de Zavala, A., & Cichocka, A. (2011). Collective narcissism and anti-semitism in Poland. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(2), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211420891
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, J., & Laidlaw, H. (2004). Improving the measurement of communication satisfaction. Management Communication Quarterly, 17(3), 425–448. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318903257980
   Google Scholar
• Grunig, J. E. (1984). Organizations, environments, and models of public relations. Public Relations Research & Education, 1(1), 6–29.
   Google Scholar
• Grunig, J. E. (1992). Communication, public relations, and effective organizations: An overview of the book. In J. E. Grunig (Ed.), Excellence in public relations and communication management (pp. 1–28). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Grunig, J. E. (2023). Public relations, Social Inclusion, and Social Exclusion. Journalism & Communication Monographs, 25(2), 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/15226379231167120
   Google Scholar
• Hagedoorn, M., Van Yperen, N. W., Van de Vliert, E., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Employees’ reactions to problematic events: A circumplex structure of five categories of responses, and the role of job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 20(3), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199905)20:3%3C309:AID-JOB895%3E3.0.CO;2-P
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R., & Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance. Journal of Management, 39(3), 573–603. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311424943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden, G., Boakye, K. G., & Ryan, S. (2018). Turnover intention of technology professionals: A social exchange theory perspective. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 58(4), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2016.1236356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heen, M. S., Lieberman, J. D., & Miethe, T. D. (2014). A comparison of different online sampling approaches for generating national samples. Center for Crime and Justice Policy, CCJP, 1, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hollander, B. A. (2018). Partisanship, individual differences, and news media exposure as predictors of conspiracy beliefs. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 95(3), 691–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699017728919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, T. P., & Loraas, T. M. (2019). Using qualtrics panels to source external auditors: A replication study. Journal of Information Systems, 33(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.2308/isys-51986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hon, L. C., & Grunig, J. E. (1999). Guidelines for measuring relationships in public relations. The Institute for Public Relations. http://www.instituteforpr.com/pdf/1999_guide_measure_relationships.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Huang, L., & Whitson, J. (2020). Organizational costs of compensating for mind-body dissonance through conspiracies and superstitions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 156, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2019.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhoff, R., Dieterle, L., & Lamberty, P. (2021). Resolving the puzzle of conspiracy worldview and political activism: Belief in secret plots decreases normative but increases nonnormative political engagement. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619896491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2020). A bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 11(8), 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620934692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez-Castillo, D. (2016). Beyond mere information transfer: The importance of a relational approach to market-related internal communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 28(5–6), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2016.1258564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2017). Prevention is better than cure: Addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(8), 459–469. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolley, D., Meleady, R., & Douglas, K. M. (2020). Exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories promotes prejudice which spreads across groups. British Journal of Psychology, 111(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jo, S., & Shim, S. (2005). Paradigm shift of employee communication: The effect of management communication on trusting relationships. Public Relations Review, 31(2), 277–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2005.02.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalla, H. K. (2005). Integrated internal communications: A multidisciplinary perspective. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 10(4), 302–314. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280510630106
   Google Scholar
• Kang, M., Lee, E., Kim, Y., & Yang, S.-U. (2023). A test of a dual Model of positive and negative EORs: Dialogic Employee Communication Perceptions Related to Employee-organization relationships and Employee megaphoning intentions 1. Journal of Public Relations Research, 35(3), 182–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2023.2194025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, M., & Sung, M. (2017). How symmetrical employee communication leads to employee engagement and positive employee communication behaviors: The mediation of employee-organization relationships. Journal of Communication Management, 21(1), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-04-2016-0026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, M., & Sung, M. (2019). To leave or not to leave: The effects of perceptions of organizational justice on employee turnover intention via employee-organization relationship and employee job engagement. Journal of Public Relations Research, 31(5–6), 152–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2019.1680988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeley, B. L. (1999). Of conspiracy theories. The Journal of Philosophy, 96(3), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.2307/2564659
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. (2021). Building organizational resilience through strategic internal communication and organization–employee relationships. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 49(5), 589–608. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2021.1910856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-N., & Grunig, J. E. (2021). Lost in informational paradise: Cognitive arrest to epistemic inertia in problem solving. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(2), 213–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-N., & Lee, S. (2023). Conceptualizing conspiratorial thinking: Explicating public conspiracism for effective debiasing strategy. American Behavioral Scientist, 1–29. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642231175637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Lee, E., Kang, M., & Yang, S.-U. (2023). Understanding the influence of authentic leadership and employee-organization relationships on employee voice behaviors in response to dissatisfying events at work. Management Communication Quarterly, 37(1), 64–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/08933189221085562
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J.-N., & Rhee, Y. (2011). Strategic thinking about Employee Communication Behavior (ECB) in public relations: Testing the models of megaphoning and scouting effects in Korea. Journal of Public Relations Research, 23(3), 243–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2011.582204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Tam, L., Kim, J.-N., & Rhee, Y. (2017). Determinants of employee turnover intention: Understanding the roles of organizational justice, supervisory justice, authoritarian organizational culture and organization-employee relationship quality. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 22(3), 308–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-11-2016-0074
   Google Scholar
• Kofta, M., & Sedek, G. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 40–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2005.11043142
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, E. G., Hogan, L. N., & Barton, S. M. (2001). The impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: A test of a structural measurement model using a national sample of workers. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 233–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00110-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledingham, J. A. (2003). Explicating relationship management as a general theory of public relations. Journal of Public Relations Research, 15(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532754XJPRR1502_4
   Google Scholar
• Lee, E., Kang, M., Kim, Y., & Yang, S.-U. (2022). Exploring the interrelationship and roles of employee–organization relationship outcomes between symmetrical internal communication and employee job engagement. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 27(2), 264–283. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-12-2020-0167
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., & Kim, K. H. (2020). De-motivating employees’ negative communication behaviors on anonymous social media: The Role of Public Relations. Public Relations Review, 46(4), 101955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., Li, J.-Y., & Sunny Tsai, W.-H. (2021). Diversity-oriented leadership, internal communication, and employee outcomes: A perspective of racial minority employees. Journal of Public Relations Research, 33(5), 314–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726x.2021.2007388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., & Yue, C. A. (2020). Status of internal communication research in public relations: An analysis of published articles in nine scholarly journals from 1970 to 2019. Public Relations Review, 46(3), 101906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., Zhang, X. A., Sung, Y. H., Lee, S., & Kim, J.-N. (2022). Symmetry, inclusion and workplace conflicts: Conflict management effects of two leadership strategies on employee advocacy and departure. Journal of Communication Management, 26(3), 349–370. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-01-2022-0011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone, L., Giacomantonio, M., & Lauriola, M. (2019). Moral foundations, worldviews, moral absolutism and belief in conspiracy theories. International Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 197–204. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai, K. M., Ellis, A. P., Christian, J. S., & Porter, C. O. (2016). Examining the effects of turnover intentions on organizational citizenship behaviors and deviance behaviors: A psychological contract approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(8), 1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFeely, S., & Wigert, B. (2019). This fixable problem costs U.S. businesses $1 Trillion. Gallup. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/247391/fixable-problem-costs-businesses-trillion.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Men, L. R. (2014). Why leadership matters to internal communication: Linking transformational leadership, symmetrical communication, and employee outcomes. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(3), 256–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.908719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Men, R. L., & Bowen, S. A. (2017). Excellence in internal communication management. Business Expert Press.
   Google Scholar
• Men, L. R., O’Neil, J., & Ewing, M. (2023). From the employee perspective: Organizations’ administration of internal social media and the relationship between social media engagement and relationship cultivation. International Journal of Business Communication, 60(2), 375–402. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420949968
   Google Scholar
• Men, L. R., & Stacks, D. (2014). The effects of authentic leadership on strategic internal communication and employee-organization relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 26(4), 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2014.908720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Men, L. R., & Sung, Y. (2022). Shaping corporate character through symmetrical communication: The effects on employee-organization relationships. International Journal of Business Communication, 59(3), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488418824989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S. (2002). Conspiracy theories: Public arguments as coded social critiques. Argumentation & Advocacy, 39(1), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00028533.2002.11821576
   Google Scholar
• Moon, B. B., & Rhee, Y. (2013). Exploring negative dimensions of organization-public relationships (NOPR) in public relations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 90(4), 691–714. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699013503161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naus, F., Van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. (2007). Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees’ responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60(5), 683–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726707079198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newheiser, A.-K., Farias, M., & Tausch, N. (2011). The functional nature of conspiracy beliefs: Examining the underpinnings of belief in the Da Vinci code conspiracy. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 1007–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhan, B., Dickinson, F., Dudding, S., Dylgjeri, E., Neiley, E., Pullerits, C., Seog, M., Simpson, A., Szilagyi, H., & Walmsley, C. (2016). Classified or coverup? The effect of redactions on conspiracy theory beliefs. Journal of Experimental Political Science, 3(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2015.21
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, J. E., & Wood, T. J. (2014). Medical conspiracy theories and health behaviors in the United States. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(5), 817–818. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacilli, M. G., Giovannelli, I., Spaccatini, F., Pagliaro, S., Brambilla, M., Barreto, M., & Sacchi, S. (2023). Heroes or traitors? perception of whistleblowers depends on the self-relevance of the group being reported. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 26(7), 1478–1498. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221123923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, K., & Horowitz, J. M. (2022). Majority of workers who quit a job in 2021 cite low pay, no opportunities for advancement, feeling disrespected. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/03/09/majority-of-workers-who-quit-a-job-in-2021-cite-low-pay-no-opportunities-for-advancement-feeling-disrespected/
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. H., Kim, J. N., & Krishna, A. (2014). Bottom-up building of an innovative organization: Motivating employee intrapreneurship and scouting and their strategic value. Management Communication Quarterly, 28(4), 531–560. https://doi.org/10.1177/0893318914541667
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez, L. A., Kim, N., Martino, V., & Lee, S. (2022). Constructive roles of organizational two-way symmetrical communication workplace pseudo-information gatekeeping. American Behavioral Scientist. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642221118294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettit, J. D., Goris, J. R., & Vaught, B. (1997). An examination of organizational communication as a moderator of the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction. The Journal of Business Communication, 34(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/002194369703400105
   Google Scholar
• Qin, Y. S., & Men, L. R. (2022). Exploring the impact of internal communication on employee psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of employee organizational trust. International Journal of Business Communication, 60(4), 1197–1219. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884221081838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodwell, J. J., Kienzle, R., & Shadur, M. A. (1998). The relationship among work-related perceptions, employee attitudes, and employee performance: The integral role of communications. Human Resource Management, 37(3–4), 277–293. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-050X(199823/24)37:3/4<277:AID-HRM9>3.0.CO;2-E
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romer, D., & Jamieson, K. H. (2020). Conspiracy theories as barriers to controlling the spread of COVID-19 in the U.S. Social Science & Medicine, 263, 113356. Article 113356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruck, K., & Welch, M. (2012). Valuing internal communication; management and employee perspectives. Public Relations Review, 38(2), 294–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.12.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreven, S. (2018). Conspiracy theorists and organization studies. Organization Studies, 39(10), 1473–1488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840617727783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, P. P. (2000). Network destruction: The structural implications of downsizing. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, J. D., Gupta, N., & Delery, J. E. (2005). Alternative conceptualizations of the relationship between voluntary turnover and organizational performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(1), 50–68. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2005.15993112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, K. B. (2018). Crowdsourcing research: Data collection with Amazon’s mechanical Turk. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 140–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1342043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore, L. M., Bommer, W. H., Rao, A. N., & Seo, J. (2009). Social and economic exchange in the employee-organization relationship: The moderating role of reciprocation wariness. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(8), 701–721. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910996752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidts, A., Pruyn, A. T. H., & Van Riel, C. B. (2001). The impact of employee communication and perceived external prestige on organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1051–1062. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šrol, J., Mikušková, E. B., & Čavojová, V. (2021). When we are worried, what are we thinking? Anxiety, lack of control, and conspiracy beliefs amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(3), 720–729. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojanov, A., & Halberstadt, J. (2019). The conspiracy mentality scale. Social Psychology, 50(4), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojanov, A., & Halberstadt, J. (2020). Does lack of control lead to conspiracy beliefs? A meta‐analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(5), 955–968. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoker, K. L., & Tusinski, K. A. (2006). Reconsidering public relations’ infatuation with dialogue: Why engagement and reconciliation can be more ethical than symmetry and reciprocity. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 21(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327728jmme2102&3_5
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R., & Vermeule, C. A. (2009). Conspiracy theories: Causes and cures. Journal of Political Philosophy, 17(2), 202–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2008.00325.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2020). Conspiracy theories and the conspiracy mindset: Implications for political ideology. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 118–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swami, V. (2012). Social psychological origins of conspiracy theories: The case of the Jewish conspiracy theory in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swami, V., & Coles, R. (2010). The truth is out there: Belief in conspiracy theories. The Psychologist, 23(7), 560–563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swami, V., Coles, R., Stieger, S., Pietschnig, Furnham, A., Rehim, S., Voracek, M., & Pietschnig, J. (2011). Conspiracist ideation in Britain and Austria: Evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real-world and fictitious conspiracy theories. British Journal of Psychology, 102(3), 443–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02004.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swami, V., & Furnham, A. (2014). Political paranoia and conspiracy theories. In J.-P. Prooijen & P. A. M. van Lange (Eds.), Power politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders (pp. 218–236). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tam, L., & Kim, S. (2023). Understanding conspiratorial thinking (CT) within public relations research: Dynamics of organization-public relationship quality, CT, and negative megaphoning. Public Relations Review, 49(4), 102354. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam, L., Kim, J.-N., Grunig, J. E., Hall, J. A., & Swerling, J. (2022). In search of communication excellence: Public relations’ value, empowerment, and structure in strategic management. Journal of Marketing Communications, 28(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2020.1851286
   Google Scholar
• Thielmann, I., & Hilbig, B. E. (2023). Generalized dispositional distrust as the common core of populism and conspiracy mentality. Political Psychology, 44(4), 789–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12886
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tompkins, T. C., & Barkis, B. G. (2021). Conspiracies in the workplace: Symptoms and remedies. Graziadio Business Review, 24(1). https://gbr.pepperdine.edu/2021/03/conspiracies-in-the-workplace/
   Google Scholar
• Uscinski, J., Enders, A., Klofstad, C., Seelig, M., Drochon, H., Premaratne, K., Murthi, M., & Richey, S. E. (2022). Have beliefs in conspiracy theories increased over time? Public Library of Science ONE, 17(7), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270429
   Google Scholar
• Uscinski, J. E., Klofstad, C., & Atkinson, M. D. (2016). What drives conspiratorial beliefs? The role of informational cues and predispositions. Political Research Quarterly, 69(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915621621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uscinski, J. E., & Parent, J. M. (2014). American conspiracy theories. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Prooijen, J. W., & de Vries, R. E. (2016). Organizational conspiracy beliefs: Implications for leadership styles and employee outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 31(4), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-015-9428-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Prooijen, J. W., & Jostmann, N. B. (2013). Belief in conspiracy theories: The influence of uncertainty and perceived morality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1922
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Prooijen, J. W., & van Lange, P. A. (2014). The social dimension of belief in conspiracy theories. In J.-P. Prooijen & P. A. M. van Lange (Eds.), Power politics, and paranoia: Why people are suspicious of their leaders (pp. 218–236). Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Verčič, A. T., Galić, Z., & Žnidar, K. (2023). The relationship of internal communication satisfaction with employee engagement and employer attractiveness: Testing the joint mediating effect of the social exchange quality indicators. International Journal of Business Communication, 60(4), 1313–1340. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294884211053839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voas, J. M. (2002). Corporate rumors and conspiracy theories. IT Professional, 4(2), 62–64. https://doi.org/10.1109/MITP.2002.1000472
   Google Scholar
• Walden, J., Jung, E. H., & Westerman, C. Y. (2017). Employee communication, job engagement, and organizational commitment: A study of members of the millennial generation. Journal of Public Relations Research, 29(2–3), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2017.1329737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, F., Xu, Y., Zhou, X., Fu, A., Guan, Y., She, Z., Wang, Z., & Bi, Y. (2022). Are adaptable employees more likely to stay? Boundaryless careers and career ecosystem perspectives on career adaptability and turnover. Applied Psychology, 71(4), 1326–1346. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg, J., & Kirschenbaum, A. (1991). Employee turnover intentions: Implications from a national sample. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 2(3), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199100000073
   Google Scholar
• Welch, M., & Jackson, P. R. (2007). Rethinking internal communication: A stakeholder approach. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 12(2), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563280710744847
   Google Scholar
• Williams, M. N., Marques, M. D., Hill, S. R., Kerr, J. R., & Ling, M. (2022). Why are beliefs in different conspiracy theories positively correlated across individuals? Testing monological network versus unidimensional factor model explanations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(3), 1011–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2012). Dead and alive: Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(6), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611434786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue, C. A., Men, L. R., & Ferguson, M. A. (2021). Examining the effects of internal communication and emotional culture on employees’ organizational identification. International Journal of Business Communication, 58(2), 169–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488420914066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajenkowski, M., Gorniak, J., Wojnarowski, K., Sobol, M., & Jonason, P. K. (2022). I need some answers, now!: Present time perspective is associated with holding conspiracy beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences, 196, 111723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar