Design and evaluation of a calibration system for portable motor vehicle emission particle number detectors

References

• Liu, X.; Bai, X.; Tian, H.; Wang, K.; Hua, S.; Liu, H.; Liu, S.; Wu, B.; Wu, Y.; Liu, W.; et al. Fine Particulate Matter Pollution in North China: Seasonal-Spatial Variations, Source Apportionment, Sector and Regional Transport Contributions. Environ. Res. 2020, 184, 109368. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooftman, N.; Messagie, M.; Van Mierlo, J.; Coosemans, T. A Review of the European Passenger Car Regulations – Real Driving Emissions vs Local Air Quality. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018, 86, 1–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.01.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, R. D.; Rajagopalan, S.; Pope, C. A.; Brook, J. R.; Bhatnagar, A.; Diez-Roux, A. V.; Holguin, F.; Hong, Y.; Luepker, R. V.; Mittleman, M. A.; et al. Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2010, 121, 2331–2378. DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Type-Approval of Motor Vehicles and Engines and of Systems, Components and Separate Technical Units Intended for Such Vehicles, With Respect to Their Emissions and Battery Durability (Euro 7) and Repealing Regulations (EC) No 715/2007 and (EC) No 595/2009. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/213be66d-5f1c-11ed-92ed-01aa75ed71a1/language-en.
   Google Scholar
• Krajinska, A. Opportunities for Future Tailpipe Emissions Regulation of Light-Duty Vehicles within the European Union. Sci. Technol. 2020, 21, 55–69. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59691-0_5.
   Google Scholar
• ICCT, A. ICCT’s Comments and Technical Recommendations on Future Euro 7/VII Emission Standards; ICCT: Berlin, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• AGVES. Advisory Group on Vehicle Emission Standards (AGVES); Brussels, 2019. https://circabc.europa.eu/faces/jsp/extension/wai/navigation/container.jsp (accessed Dec 7, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Giechaskiel, B.; Wang, X.; Horn, H.-G.; Spielvogel, J.; Gerhart, C.; Southgate, J.; Jing, L.; Kasper, M.; Drossinos, Y.; Krasenbrink, A. Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters for Legislated Vehicle Number Emission Measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 1164–1173. DOI: 10.1080/02786820903242029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedensohlet, A.; Orsini, D.; Covert, D. S.; Coffmann, D.; Cantrell, W.; Havlicek, M.; Brechtel, F. J.; Russell, L. M.; Weber, R. J.; Gras, J.; et al. Intercomparison Study of the Size-Dependent Counting Efficiency of 26 Condensation Particle Counters. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1997, 27, 224–242. DOI: 10.1080/02786829708965469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giechaskiel, B.; La, T.; Melas, A.; Valverde, V.; Clairotte, M. Uncertainty of Laboratory and Portable Solid Particle Number Systems for Regulatory Measurements of Vehicle Emissions. Environ. Res. 2021, 197, 111068. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasa, H.; Kupper, M.; Schriefl, M.; Bergmann, A. Toward a Simplified Calibration Method for 23 nm Automotive Particle Counters Using Atomized Inorganic Salt Particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 329–341. DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2174410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burtscher, H.; Lutz, T.; Mayer, A. A New Periodic Technical Inspection for Particle Emissions of Vehicles. Emiss. Control Sci. Technol. 2019, 5, 279–287. DOI: 10.1007/s40825-019-00128-z.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, B.; Pui, D. A Submicron Aerosol Standard and the Primary, Absolute Calibration of the Condensation Nuclei Counter. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1974, 47, 155–171. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(74)90090-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, B.; Pui, D.; Hogan, A.; Rich, T. Calibration of the Pollak Counter with Monodisperse Aerosols. J. Appl. Meteor. 1975, 14, 46–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105452.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R.; Mulholland, G.; Winchester, M.; King, R.; Klinedinst, D. Calibration of a Condensation Particle Counter Using a NIST Traceable Method. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 425–441. DOI: 10.1080/02786820802716735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolzenburg, M.; Mcmurry, P. An Ultrafine Aerosol Condensation Nucleus Counter. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1991, 14, 48–65. DOI: 10.1080/02786829108959470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W.; Osmondson, B.; Bischof, O.; Sem, G. Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters. SAE Tech. Pap. 2005, 01, 0189. DOI: 10.4271/2005-01-0189.
   Google Scholar
• Giechaskiel, B.; Melas, A.; Martini, G.; Dilara, P. Overview of Vehicle Exhaust Particle Number Regulations. Processes 2021, 9, 2216. DOI: 10.3390/pr9122216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissler, J.; Abdulhamid, H.; Pagels, J.; Nilsson, P.; Sanati, M.; Boghard, M. Mass-Mobility Relationship of Soot Generator and Diesel Soot. European Aerosol Conference, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Grob, B.; Wolf, J.; Kiwull, B.; Niessner, R. Calibration System with an Indirect Photoelectric Charger for Legislated Vehicle Number Emission Measurement Counters in the Single Counting Mode. J. Aerosol Sci. 2014, 70, 50–58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2014.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulmala, M.; Riipinen, I.; Sipilä, M.; Manninen, H. E.; Petäjä, T.; Junninen, H.; Maso, M. D.; Mordas, G.; Mirme, A.; Vana, M.; et al. Toward Direct Measurement of Atmospheric Nucleation. Science 2007, 318, 89–92. DOI: 10.1126/science.1144124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T.; Caldow, R.; Pöcher, A.; Mirme, A.; Kittelson, D. A New Electrical Mobility Particle Sizer Spectrometer for Engine Exhaust Particle Measurements. SAE Tech. Pap. 2004, 1, 1341. DOI: 10.4271/2004-01-1341.
   Google Scholar
• Fierz, M.; Burtscher, H.; Steigmeier, P.; Kasper, M. Field Measurement of Particle Size and Number Concentration with the Diffusion Size Classifier (Disc). SAE Tech. Pap. 2008, 1, 1179. DOI: 10.4271/2008-01-1179.
   Google Scholar
• Fierz, M.; Weimer, S.; Burtscher, H. Design and Performance of an Optimized Electrical Diffusion Battery. J. Aerosol Sci. 2009, 40, 152–163. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, T.; Kang, S.; Yang, Y.; Ji, Z.; Gui H.; Wang J.; Chen D.; Liu J. A bipolar multi-outlet differential mobility analyzer, particle sizer and method of particle size detection. Hefei Institute of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. C.N. Patent 116698681 A, September 05, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S. C.; Flagan, R. C. Scanning Electrical Mobility Spectrometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1990, 13, 230–240. DOI: 10.1080/02786829008959441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y.; Yu, T.; Zhang, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, W.; Gui, H.; Liu, J. On the Performance of an Aerosol Electrometer with Enhanced Detection Limit. Sensors 2018, 18, 3889. DOI: 10.3390/s18113889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar