270
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The impact of deplatforming the far right: an analysis of YouTube and BitChute

&
Received 01 Feb 2023, Accepted 14 Mar 2024, Published online: 06 May 2024

References

  • Ali, S., Saeed, M. H., Aldreabi, E., Blackburn, J., Cristofaro, E. de., Zannettou, S., & Stringhini, G. (2021). Understanding the effect of deplatforming on social networks. Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference, 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462637
  • Aswad, E. M. (2018). The future of freedom of expression online. Duke Law & Technology Review, 17(1), 26–70.
  • BBC News. (2018, October 8). Microsoft steps in over anti-Semitic posts. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45141871.
  • Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. Yale University Press.
  • Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press.
  • Benkler, Y., Tilton, C., Etling, B., Roberts, H., Clark, J., Faris, R., Kaiser, J., & Schmitt, C. (2020). Mail-In Voter Fraud: Anatomy of a Disinformation Campaign. Berkman Klein Center. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3703701.
  • Bentzen, N. (2021). Trump’s disinformation “magaphone”: Consequences, first lessons and outlook (Briefing European Parliament). European Parliament Liaison Office. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/679076/EPRS_BRI(2021)679076_EN.pdf.
  • Caiani, M., Della Porta, D., & Wagemann, C. (2012). Mobilizing on the extreme right: Germany, Italy, and the United States / manuela caiani, donatella della porta, and claudius wagemann. Oxford University Press.
  • Chandrasekharan, E., Pavalanathan, U., Srinivasan, A., Glynn, A., Eisenstein, J., & Gilbert, E. (2017). You can't stay here. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 1(CSCW), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3134666
  • Donovan, J., & Boyd, D. (2019). Stop the presses? Moving from strategic silence to strategic amplification in a networked media ecosystem. American Behavioral Scientist, 65, 000276421987822. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764219878229
  • Donovan, J., Lewis, B., & Friedberg, B. (2019). Parallel ports. Sociotechnical change from the Alt-right to Alt-tech. In M. Fielitz, N. Thurston, & N. Thurston (Eds.), Political science: Volume 71. Post-digital cultures of the far right: Online actions and offline consequences in Europe and the US / Maik Fielitz (pp. 49–66). transcript Verlag. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839446706-004.
  • Fielitz, M., & Schwarz, K. (2020). Hate not Found?! Das Deplatforming der extremen Rechten und seine Folgen. Institut für Demokratie und Zivilgesellschaft (IDZ). https://www.idz-jena.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Hate_not_found/WEB_IDZ_FB_Hate_not_Found.pdf.
  • Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text(25/26), 56), https://doi.org/10.2307/466240
  • Gillespie, T. (2010). The politics of ‘platforms’. New Media & Society, 12(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342738
  • Gillespie, T. (2018). Custodians of the internet: Platforms, content moderation, and the hidden decisions that shape social media. Yale University Press.
  • Gorwa, R. (2019). What is platform governance? Information, Communication & Society, 22(6), 854–871. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1573914
  • Guhl, J., Ebner, J., & Rau, J. (2020). The Online Ecosystem of the German Far-Right. Institute for Strategic Dialogue. https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/ISD-The-Online-Ecosystem-of-the-German-Far-Right-English-Draft-11.pdf.
  • Innes, H., & Innes, M. (2021). De-platforming disinformation: Conspiracy theories and their control. Information, Communication & Society, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1994631
  • Jardine, E. (2019). Online content moderation and the Dark Web: Policy responses to radicalizing hate speech and malicious content on the Darknet. First Monday. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i12.10266.
  • Jhaver, S., Boylston, C., Yang, D., & Bruckman, A. (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of deplatforming as a moderation strategy on twitter. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3479525
  • Jiang, S., Robertson, R. E., & Wilson, C. (2019). Bias misperceived:The role of partisanship and misinformation in YouTube comment moderation. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 13(01), https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3229.
  • Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2019). Integrating concepts of counterpublics into generalised public sphere frameworks: Contemporary transformations in radical forms. Javnost - the Public, 26(3), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2018.1558676
  • Kaiser, J., & Rauchfleisch, A. (2020). Birds of a feather get recommended together: Algorithmic Homophily in YouTube's channel recommendations in the United States and Germany. Social Media + Society, 6(4), 205630512096991. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120969914
  • Klonick, K. (2018). The new governors: The people, rules, and processes governing online speech. Harvard Law Review, 131(6), 1598–1670.
  • Koebler, J. (2018, August 11). Deplatforming Works. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/bjbp9d/do-social-media-bans-work.
  • Lewis, B. (2018). Alternative influence: Broadcasting the reactionary right on YouTube. Data & Society. https://datasociety.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DS_Alternative_Influence.pdf.
  • Marwick, A. E., & Caplan, R. (2018). Drinking male tears: Language, the manosphere, and networked harassment. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 543–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568
  • McIlroy-Young, R., & Anderson, A. (2019). From “welcome New gabbers” to the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting: The evolution of Gab. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 13(01), https://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3264.
  • Munger, K., & Phillips, J. (2020). Right-Wing YouTube: A supply and demand perspective. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 6, 194016122096476. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161220964767
  • Myers West, S. (2018). Censored, suspended, shadowbanned: User interpretations of content moderation on social media platforms. New Media & Society, 20(11), 4366–4383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818773059
  • Nicas, J. (2018, September 4). Alex jones said bans would strengthen Him. He Was wrong. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/04/technology/alex-jones-infowars-bans-traffic.html.
  • Pohjonen, M., & Udupa, S. (2017). Extreme speech online: An anthropological critique of hate speech debates. International Journal of Communication, 11, 1173–1191.
  • Ribeiro, M. H., Jhaver, S., Zannettou, S., Blackburn, J., Stringhini, G., Cristofaro, E. de., & West, R. (2021). Do platform migrations compromise content moderation? Evidence from r/The_donald and r/incels. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3476057
  • Roberts, S. T. (2019). Behind the screen: Content moderation in the shadows of social media. Yale University Press.
  • Robertson, A. (2017, August 15). Neo-Nazi site moves to dark web after GoDaddy and Google bans. The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/15/16150668/daily-stormer-alt-right-dark-web-site-godaddy-google-ban.
  • Rogers, R. (2020). Deplatforming: Following extreme Internet celebrities to Telegram and alternative social media. European Journal of Communication, 35(3), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323120922066
  • Toepfl, F., & Piwoni, E. (2018). Targeting dominant publics: How counterpublic commenters align their efforts with mainstream news. New Media & Society, 20(5), 2011–2027. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712085
  • Traag, V. A. (2015). Faster unfolding of communities: Speeding up the Louvain algorithm. Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics, 92(3), 32801. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.92.032801
  • Trujillo, M., Gruppi, M., Buntain, C., & Horne, B. D. (2020). What is BitChute? In A. Salter, J. F. Barber, & U. Gadiraju (Eds.), Proceedings of the 31st ACM conference on hypertext and social media (pp. 139–140). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372923.3404833.
  • Urman, A., & Katz, S. (2022). What they do in the shadows: Examining the far-right networks on Telegram. Information, Communication & Society, 25(7), 904–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2020.1803946
  • Yu, J. (2018). Regulation of social media platforms to curb isis incitement and recruitment: The need for an international framework and its free speech implications. Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy, 4(1), 1–29.
  • Zhou, Y., Dredze, M., Broniatowski, D. A., & Adler, W. D. (2019). Elites and foreign actors among the alt-right: The Gab social media platform. First Monday. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i9.
  • Zhou, Y., Reid, E., Qin, J., Chen, H., & Lai, G. (2005). US domestic extremist groups on the Web: Link and content analysis. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 20(5), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2005.96

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.