‘Your skin is like crocodile’s’: a case study of an African wài guó student in China

References

• Ahmad, Ahmad Bayiz, and Mahsood Shah. 2018. “International Students’ Choice to Study in China: An Exploratory Study.” Tertiary Education and Management 24 (4): 325–337. doi:10.1080/13583883.2018.1458247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, Ran, and Shiao-Yun Chiang. 2015. “International Students’ Culture Learning and Cultural Adaptation in China.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36 (7): 661–676. doi:10.1080/01434632.2015.1009080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronowitz, Stanley. 2015. Against Schooling: For an Education That Matters. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Beoku-Betts, Josephine. 2004. “African Women Pursuing Graduate Studies in the Sciences: Racism, Gender Bias, and Third World Marginality.” NWSA Journal 16 (1): 116–135. doi:10.2979/NWS.2004.16.1.116.
   Google Scholar
• Bissell, David. 2008. “Comfortable Bodies: Sedentary Affects.” Environment and Planning A 40 (7): 1697–1712. doi:10.1068/a39380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodomo, Adams. 2010. “The African Trading Community in Guangzhou: An Emerging Bridge for Africa–China Relations.” The China Quarterly 203: 693–707. doi:10.1017/S0305741010000664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodomo, Adams. 2012. Africans in China: A Sociocultural Study and its Implications on Africa-China. Amherst: Cambria Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bodomo, Adams. 2018. “Is China Colonizing Africa?: Africa–China Relations in a Shifting Global Economic Governance System.” In Global Economic Governance and Human Development, edited by Simone Raudino, and Arlo Poletti, 120–133. Abingdo: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bodomo, Adams. 2020. “Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Inequalities and Well-Being of Africans in China.” Asian Ethnicity 21 (4): 526–541. doi:10.1080/14631369.2020.1761246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byram, Michael, and Manuela Wagner. 2018. “Making a Difference: Language Teaching for Intercultural and International Dialogue.” Foreign Language Annals 51 (1): 140–151. doi:10.1111/flan.12319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carling, Jørgen, and Heidi Østbø Haugen. 2021. “Circumstantial Migration: How Gambian Journeys to China Enrich Migration Theory.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 47 (12): 2778–2795. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1739385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, Shiao-Yun. 2015. “Cultural Adaptation as a Sense-Making Experience: International Students in China.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16 (2): 397–413. doi:10.1007/s12134-014-0346-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, Louis, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison. 2011. Research Methods in Education. 7th ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, Timothy P. 2014. “African International Students in Klang Valley: Colonial Legacies, Postcolonial Racialization, and sub-Citizenship.” Citizenship Studies 18 (8): 855–870. doi:10.1080/13621025.2014.964548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikötter, Frank. 2008. “The Racialization of the Globe: An Interactive Interpretation.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31 (8): 1478–1496. doi:10.1080/01419870802208388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellefsen, Rune, Azin Banafsheh, and Sveinung Sandberg. 2022. “Resisting Racism in Everyday Life: From Ignoring to Confrontation and Protest.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 45 (16): 435–457. doi:10.1080/01419870.2022.2094716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, Nelson. 2021. “Twitter.” Accessed 27 September. https://twitter.com/nelsonlflores.
   Google Scholar
• Formosinho, Maria, Paulo Jesus, and Carlos Reis. 2019. “Emancipatory and Critical Language Education: A Plea for Translingual Possible Selves and Worlds.” Critical Studies in Education 60 (2): 168–186. doi:10.1080/17508487.2016.1237983.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 1973. Education for Critical Consciousness. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 1993. Pedagogía de la esperanza: un reencuentro con la pedagogía del oprimido. Coyoacán: Siglo.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2000a. “The Adult Literacy Process as Cultural Action for Freedom.” Harvard Educational Review 40 (2): 205–225. doi:10.17763/haer.40.2.q7n227021n148p26
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2000b. Pedagogy of Freedom: Ethics, Democracy, and Civic Courage. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2000c. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2005a. Education for Critical Consciousness. New York: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2005b. Teachers as Cultural Workers: Letters to Those Who Dare to Teach. Translated by Donaldo Macedo, Dale Koike and Alexandre Oliveira. Expanded ed. Abingdon: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2007. Daring to Dream: Toward a Pedagogy of the Unfinished, edited by Ana Maria, and Araújo Freire. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2014. Pedagogy of Hope: Reliving Pedagogy of the Oppressed. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Freire, Paulo. 2015. Pedagogy of Indignation. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Giroux, Henry. 2010. “Bare Pedagogy and the Scourge of Neoliberalism: Rethinking Higher Education as a Democratic Public Sphere.” The Educational Forum 74 (3): 184–196. doi:10.1080/00131725.2010.483897.
   Google Scholar
• Giroux, Henry. 2020. On Critical Pedagogy. 2nd ed. London, New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, Faye V. 1995. “The Persistent Power of “Race” in the Cultural and Political Economy of Racism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 24 (1): 47–74. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000403.
   Google Scholar
• Haugen, Heidi Østbø. 2013. “China's Recruitment of African University Students: Policy Efficacy and Unintended Outcomes.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 11 (3): 315–334. doi:10.1080/14767724.2012.750492.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, Elaine Lynn-Ee. 2017. “The Geo-Social and Global Geographies of Power: Urban Aspirations of ‘Worlding’ African Students in China.” Geopolitics 22 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1080/14650045.2016.1149697.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodzi, Obert. 2020. “Bridging the Asymmetries? African Students’ Mobility to China.” Asian Ethnicity 21 (4): 566–584. doi:10.1080/14631369.2020.1776097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa, Hideyuki. 2020. “A Theory of Hope in Critical Pedagogy: An Interpretation of Henry Giroux.” Educational Philosophy and Theory 54 (4): 384–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilnyckyj, Roma Areta. 2010. Learning as Laowai: Race, Social Positioning, and Chinese Language Acquisition in China. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, Shanshan. 2021. “Diversity Without Integration? Racialization and Spaces of Exclusion in International Higher Education.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 42 (1): 32–47. doi:10.1080/01425692.2020.1847635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keese, James R. 2011. “The Geography of Volunteer Tourism: Place Matters.” Tourism Geographies 13 (2): 257–279. doi:10.1080/14616688.2011.567293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleven, Anthony. 2019. “Belt and Road: Colonialism with Chinese Characteristics.” The Interpreter. Accessed 18 September. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-and-road-colonialism-chinese-characteristics.
   Google Scholar
• Knijnik, Jorge. 2018. “Social Agency and Football Fandom: The Cultural Pedagogies of the Western Sydney Ultras.” Sport in Society 21 (6): 946–959. doi:10.1080/17430437.2017.1300394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knijnik, Jorge, and Jane Hunter. 2022. “The Pedagogy of Courage: Critical Aboriginal Football Education in Australia’s Northern Territory.” Critical Studies in Education 63 (3): 371–386. doi:10.1080/17508487.2020.1779768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knijnik, Jorge, and Carla Luguetti. 2021. “Social Justice Narratives in Academia: Challenges, Struggles and Pleasures PETE Educators Face in Understanding and Enacting Critical Pedagogy in Brazil.” Sport, Education and Society 26 (5): 541–553. doi:10.1080/13573322.2020.1732905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan, Shanshan. 2016. “The Shifting Meanings of Race in China: A Case Study of the African Diaspora Communities in Guangzhou.” City & Society 28 (3): 298–318. doi:10.1111/ciso.12094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Jenny J, and Charles Rice. 2007. “Welcome to America? International Student Perceptions of Discrimination.” Higher Education 53 (3): 381–409. doi:10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Wei. 2021. “TESOL Educators Can Contribute to the Fight-Back Against Racial Discrimination and Hatred: A Personal View from Britain.” TESOL Journal 12 (3): 1–4. doi:10.1002/tesj.618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, Kelly, and Philippe Le Billon. 2020. “African Migrants in China: Space, Race and Embodied Encounters in Guangzhou, China.” Social & Cultural Geography 21 (5): 602–628. doi:10.1080/14649365.2018.1514647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipura, Sarah Jane, and Francis Leo Collins. 2020. “Towards an Integrative Understanding of Contemporary Educational Mobilities: A Critical Agenda for International Student Mobilities Research.” Globalisation, Societies and Education 18 (3): 343–359. doi:10.1080/14767724.2020.1711710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Yang, and Charles C. Self. 2020. “Laowai as a Discourse of Othering: Unnoticed Stereotyping of American Expatriates in Mainland China.” Identities 27 (4): 462–480. doi:10.1080/1070289X.2019.1589158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomer, Sylvie. 2017. “Soft Power as a Policy Rationale for International Education in the UK: A Critical Analysis.” Higher Education 74 (4): 581–598. doi:10.1007/s10734-016-0060-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciel, Jarbas. 1963. “A Fundamentação Teórica do Sistema Paulo Freire de Educação.” Estudos Universitários 4: 25–60.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, Yanfeng. 2015. “Who is a Laowai? Chinese Interpretations of Laowai as a Referring Expression for non-Chinese.” International Journal of Communication 9: 22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, Simon. 2008. “Global Field and Global Imagining: Bourdieu and Worldwide Higher Education.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 29 (3): 303–315. doi:10.1080/01425690801966386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marginson, Simon. 2014. “Student Self-Formation in International Education.” Journal of Studies in International Education 18 (1): 6–22. doi:10.1177/1028315313513036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memmi, Albert. 2000. Racism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2019. “2018来华留学统计[Statistics on International Students Studying in China in 2018].” Accessed 16 July. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/201904/t20190412_377692.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2021. “做强“感知中国”品牌 讲好中国故事 [Build Up ‘Experience China’ Brand and Tell China's Story Well].” Accessed 23 July. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_2082/2021/2021_zl48/202107/t20210723_546315.html.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, Haydn, Andrew Parker, and Naomi Marturano. 2021. “Evoking Hope in Marginalised Youth Populations Through Non-Formal Education: Critical Pedagogy in Sports-Based Interventions.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 42 (3): 307–322. doi:10.1080/01425692.2021.1894547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohnmacht, Florian, and Erol Yıldız. 2021. “The Postmigrant Generation Between Racial Discrimination and new Orientation: From Hegemony to Convivial Everyday Practice.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 44 (16): 149–169. doi:10.1080/01419870.2021.1936113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, Alastair. 1990. “Critical Pedagogy and Second Language Education.” System 18 (3): 303–314. doi:10.1016/0346-251X(90)90003-N.
   Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Linda R. Tropp. 2006. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90 (5): 751. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettigrew, Thomas F, Linda R. Tropp, Ulrich Wagner, and Oliver Christ. 2011. “Recent Advances in Intergroup Contact Theory.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35 (3): 271–280. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piller, Ingrid, and Kimie Takahashi. 2011. “Linguistic Diversity and Social Inclusion.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 14 (4): 371–381. doi:10.1080/13670050.2011.573062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prazeres, Laura. 2017. “Challenging the Comfort Zone: Self-Discovery, Everyday Practices and International Student Mobility to the Global South.” Mobilities 12 (6): 908–923. doi:10.1080/17450101.2016.1225863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renneir, Adam. 2009. “Teaching Community, Praxis, and Courage: A Foundations Pedagogy of Hope and Humanization.” Educational Studies: A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association 45 (1): 59–79. doi:10.1080/00131940802527209.
   Google Scholar
• Rosa, Jonathan, and Nelson Flores. 2017. “Unsettling Race and Language: Toward a Raciolinguistic Perspective.” Language in Society 46 (5): 621–647. doi:10.1017/S0047404517000562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shor, Ira, and Paulo Freire. 1987. “What is the “Dialogical Method” of Teaching?” Journal of Education 169 (3): 11–31. doi:10.1177/002205748716900303.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Rachel A., and Nigar G. Khawaja. 2011. “A Review of the Acculturation Experiences of International Students.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 35 (6): 699–713. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.08.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streck, Danilo R. 2014. “Ecos de Angicos: Temas Freireanos e a Pedagogia Atual.” Pro-Posições 25 (3): 83–101. doi:10.1590/0103-7307201407505.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, Ly Thi. 2016. “Mobility as ‘Becoming’: A Bourdieuian Analysis of the Factors Shaping International Student Mobility.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 37 (8): 1268–1289. doi:10.1080/01425692.2015.1044070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trines, Stefan. 2019. “New Benefactors? How China and India are Influencing Education in Africa.” World Education News + Reviews. Accessed 16 July. https://wenr.wes.org/2019/04/how-china-and-india-are-influencing-education-in-africa.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, Johanna L. 2012. “Geographies of International Education: Mobilities and the Reproduction of Social (Dis)Advantage.” Geography Compass 6 (3): 123–136. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00473.x.
   Google Scholar
• Waters, Johanna L., and Rachel Brooks. 2010. “Accidental Achievers? International Higher Education, Class Reproduction and Privilege in the Experiences of UK Students Overseas.” British Journal of Sociology of Education 31 (2): 217–228. doi:10.1080/01425690903539164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt, Don J. 2010. The Blacks of Premodern China. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, Wen. 2022a. “International Higher Education and the Pursuit of ‘Chinese’ Capitals: African Students and Families’ Strategies of Social (re)Production.” British Journal of Educational Studies: 1–17. doi:10.1080/00071005.2022.2103095.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Wen. 2022b. “Pedagogic Affect and African International Students’ Attunement to Chinese Language Learning.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. doi:10.1080/01434632.2022.2049803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Wen, and Jorge Knijnik. 2021. “Critical Chinese as an Additional Language Education in Australia: A Journey to Voices, Courage and Hope.” British Educational Research Journal 47 (6): 1635–1651. doi:10.1002/berj.3747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Wen, and Jorge Knijnik. 2023. “English as a World Opener in Chinese Universities: Fostering Interculturally Aware Communities of Learners in the English Reading Classroom.” Pedagogy, Culture & Society. doi:10.1080/14681366.2023.2174171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Wen, Garth Stahl, and Hao Cheng. 2022. “The Promise of Chinese: African International Students and Linguistic Capital in Chinese Higher Education.” Language and Education. doi:10.1080/09500782.2022.2074797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Wen, and Garth Sthal. 2023. “International Habitus, Inculcation and Entrepreneurial Aspirations: International Students Learning in a Chinese VET College.” Globalisation, Societies and Education. doi:10.1080/14767724.2023.2193316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Peidong. 2018. “Compromise and Complicity in International Student Mobility: The Ethnographic Case of Indian Medical Students at a Chinese University.” Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 39 (5): 694–708. doi:10.1080/01596306.2018.1435600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Peidong. 2020. “China in the Global Field of International Student Mobility: An Analysis of Economic, Human and Symbolic Capitals.” Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education: 1–19. doi:10.1080/03057925.2020.1764334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zembylas, Michalinos. 2011. “Investigating the Emotional Geographies of Exclusion at a Multicultural School.” Emotion, Space and Society 4 (3): 151–159. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2010.03.003.
   Google Scholar
• Zembylas, Michalinos, and Claire McGlynn. 2012. “Discomforting Pedagogies: Emotional Tensions, Ethical Dilemmas and Transformative Possibilities.” British Educational Research Journal 38 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1080/01411926.2010.523779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar