726
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The impact of Instagram utilization on brand management: an empirical study on the restaurants sector in Beirut

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151897
  • Agag, G. M., & El-Masry, A. A. (2017). Why do consumers trust online travel websites? Drivers and outcomes of consumer trust toward online travel websites. Journal of Travel Research, 56(3), 347–369. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516643185
  • Agrusa, J., Tanner, J., & Coats, W. M. (2004). Hospitality, restaurant, and tourism management degree programs and the issue of student preparedness. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 16(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2004.10696785
  • Ahmadinejad, B., & Asli, H. N. (2017). E-business through social media: A quantitative survey (case study: Instagram). International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 4(1), 80–99.
  • Al Haj Eid, M., Nusairat, N. M., Alkailani, M., & Al-Ghadeer, H. (2020). Internet users’ attitudes towards social media advertisements: The role of advertisement design and users’ motives. Management Science Letters, 10(10), 2361–2370. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.2.029
  • Al Qeisi, K. I., & Al-Abdallah, G. M. (2014). Website design and usage behaviour: An application of the UTAUT model for internet banking in UK. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 6(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v6n1p75
  • Al Saud, A. A., & Khan, M. R. (2013). Role of social media in brand development in Saudi Arabia. European Journal of Business and Economics, 8(1), 4–8. https://doi.org/10.12955/ejbe.v8i1.1
  • Al-Abdallah, G. M., & Abou-Moghli, A. A. (2012). The effect of promotional mix on internet adoption in Jordanian small and medium enterprises. European Scientific Journal, 8(12).
  • Al-Abdallah, G. M., & Abo-Rumman, A. H. (2013). The effect of brand associations on customer loyalty: Empirical study on mobile devices in Jordan. American Academic & Scholarly Research Journal, 5(1), 122.
  • Al-Abdallah, G. M. (2015). The impact of Internet marketing research on achieving competitive advantage. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 8(1), 619.
  • Al-Abdallah, G., & Ahmed, R. (2018). The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty in the Qatari telecommunication sector. Journal of Business & Retail Management Research, 13(1), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/V13IS01/ART-25
  • Al-Abdallah, G., & Bataineh, A. (2018). Social networking sites and fashion E-Purchasing Process. Journal of Business & Retail Management Research, 13(2), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/V13IS02/ART-04
  • Al-Abdallah, G., Khair, N., & Elmarakby, R. (2021). The impact of social networking sites on luxury vehicles purchase decision process in gulf cooperation council countries. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 33(5), 559–577. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2020.1867023
  • Al-Abdallah, G. M., Fraser, K. E., & Albarq, A. N. (2021). Internet-based entrepreneurial ventures: An empirical investigation of startup business strategies on firm performance from the MENA region. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 22(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-020-00256-4
  • Al-Rawabdeh, H. O., Ghadir, H., & Al-Abdallah, G. (2021). The effects of user generated content and traditional reference groups on purchase intentions of young consumers: A comparative study on electronic products. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 5(4), 691–702. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021.7.012
  • Alabdallah, G. (2013). The effect of customer-company relationship on internet adoption in Jordanian small and medium enterprises. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 5(4), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i4.394
  • Alhaddad, A. A. (2015). The effect of advertising awareness on brand equity in social media. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning, 5(2), 73. https://doi.org/10.17706/ijeeee.2015.5.2.73-84
  • Almajali, D., Hammouri, Q., Majali, T., Al-Gasawneh, J. A., & Dahalin, Z. M. (2021). Antecedents of consumers’ adoption of electronic commerce in developing countries. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 5(4), 681–690. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2021.7.013
  • Anagnostopoulos, C., Parganas, P., Chadwick, S., & Fenton, A. (2018). Branding in pictures: Using Instagram as a brand management tool in professional team sport organisations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 18(4), 413–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1410202
  • Balakrishnan, B. K. P. D., Dahnil, M. I., & Yi, W. J. (2014). The impact of social media marketing medium toward purchase intention and brand loyalty among generation Y. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.032
  • Balan, C. (2017). Does brand posting behaviour influence follower engagement on Instagram? Proceedings of the . International Conference on Business Excellence, 11(1), 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1515/picbe-2017-0073
  • Baldauf, A., Cravens, K. S., & Binder, G. (2003). Performance consequences of brand equity management: Evidence from organizations in the value chain. The Journal of Product & Brand Management, 12(4), 220–236. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420310485032
  • Barreda, A. A., Bilgihan, A., Nusair, K., & Okumus, F. (2015). Generating brand awareness in online social networks. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 600–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.023
  • Bascunana-Ambros, P. (2019). Barriers to exit in competition - The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Retrieved February 7, 2022, from https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/barriers-to-exit.html
  • Bataineh, A. Q., Al-Abdallah, G. M., & Alkharabsheh, A. M. (2015). Determinants of continuance intention to use social networking sites SNS’s: Studying the case of Facebook. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 7(4), 121. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v7n4p121
  • Bataineh, A. Q., Al-Abdallah, G. M., Salhab, H. A., & Shoter, A. M. (2015). The effect of relationship marketing on customer retention in the Jordanian’s pharmaceutical sector. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(3), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v10n3p117
  • Beltrone, G. (2012). Instagrammers in demand by major brands. Adweek, 53(21), 19.
  • Beneke, J., Blampied, S., Miszczak, S., & Parker, P. (2014). Social networking the brand-an exploration of the drivers of brand image in the South African beer market. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 20(4), 362–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2013.807402
  • Benoit, D. F., & Van den Poel, D. (2012). Improving customer retention in financial services using kinship network information. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(13), 11435–11442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.04.016
  • Bija, M., & Balas, R. (2014). Social Media Marketing to Increase Brand Awareness. Journal of Economics and Business Research, 20(2), 55–165.
  • Bilbao, B., Dutta, S., & Lanvin, B. (2013). The global information technology report 2013: Growth and jobs in a hyperconnected world. In World economic forum (pp. 324–325). INSEAD.
  • Bilgihan, A., Peng, C., & Kandampully, J. (2014). Generation Y’s dining information seeking and sharing behavior on social networking sites: An exploratory study. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(3), 349–366. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2012-0220
  • Bong, W. Z. (2017). Influence of Social Media Marketing, Brand Loyalty and eWOM Towards Consumers’ Purchase Intention [Doctoral dissertation]. UTAR.
  • Bongomin, G. O. C., Munene, J. C., Ntayi, J. M., & Malinga, C. A. (2018). Social network: Testing the predictive power of its dimensions in explaining financial inclusion of the poor in rural Uganda. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 9(3), 388–406. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEMS-07-2017-0157
  • Casalo, L. V., Flavian, C., & Ibanez-Sanchez, S. (2020). Influencers on Instagram: Antecedents and consequences of opinion leadership. Journal of Business Research, 117, 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.005
  • Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2017). Understanding consumer interaction on Instagram: The role of satisfaction, hedonism, and content characteristics. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(6), 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0360
  • Chen, Y. (2010). The drivers of green brand equity: Green brand image, green satisfaction, and green trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(2), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0223-9
  • Chen, Y. T., Huang, Y. Z., & Tsai, J. T. (2012). The research of brand image on purchase intention in Taiwan coffee industry. Chia Nan Annual Bulletin Humanity, 33, 589–597.
  • Chen, K., Lin, J., Choi, J. H., & Hahm, J. M. (2015). Would you be my friend? An examination of global marketers’ brand personification strategies in social media. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 15(2), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2015.1079508
  • Chen, Y., & Law, R. (2016). A review of research on electronic word-of-mouth in hospitality and tourism management. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 17(4), 347–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2016.1226150
  • Chu, S., & Kim, Y. (2011). Determinants of consumer engagement in electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) in social networking sites. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 47–75. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-1-047-075
  • Climis, R., BMU Lebanese French University. (2016). Factors affecting customer retention in the airline industry. Journal of Management and Business Administration Central Europe, 24(4), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.182
  • Coelho, R. L. F., Oliveira, D. S. D., & de Almeida, M. I. S. (2016). Does social media matter for post typology? Impact of post content on Facebook and Instagram metrics. Online Information Review, 40(4), 458–471. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-06-2015-0176
  • Cooper, P. G. (2016). Instagram (p. 3). Salem Press Encyclopaedia.
  • Dandis, A. O., & Al Haj Eid, M. B. (2021). Customer lifetime value: Investigating the factors affecting attitudinal and behavioural brand loyalty. TQM Journal, 34(3), 476–493. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-12-2020-0311
  • Dandis, A. O., Haj Eid, A., Mohammad, B., Robin, R., & Wierdak, N. (2021). An empirical investigation of the factors affecting customer lifetime value. The International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management 39(4), 910–935. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-12-2020-0412
  • Davis, D. F., Golicic, S. L., & Marquardt, A. (2009). Measuring brand equity for logistics services. Int Jrnl Logistics Management, 20(2), 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1108/09574090910981297
  • Digital in Lebanon: All the statistics you need in 2021 — DataReportal – Global digital insights. (2022). Retrieved February 7, 2022, from https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2021-lebanon
  • Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P., Buyukcan-Tetik, A., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2015). Online conversation and corporate reputation: A two-wave longitudinal study on the effects of exposure to the social media activities of a highly interactive company: Online conversation and corporate reputation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(6), 632–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12132
  • Duffett, R. G. (2017). Influence of social media marketing communications on young consumers’ attitudes. Young Consumers, 18(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-07-2016-00622
  • Economy & Ecology Online. (2011). Lebanese Spend $105/month on Dining Out [Online]. Retrieved July 01, 2017, from http://eecoy.com/content/lebanese-spend-105month-dining-out?page=18
  • Eelen, J., Özturan, P., & Verlegh, P. W. J. (2017). The differential impact of brand loyalty on traditional and online word of mouth: The moderating roles of self-brand connection and the desire to help the brand. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 34(4), 872–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2017.08.002
  • Enginkaya, E., & Yılmaz, H. (2014). What drives consumers to interact with brands through social media? A motivation scale development study. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 148, 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.037
  • Eriksson, M., & Olsson, E. (2016). Facebook and twitter in crisis communication: A comparative study of crisis communication professionals and citizens. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 24(4), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12116
  • Erkan, I. (2015). Electronic word of mouth on Instagram: Customers’ engagements with brands in different sectors. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 2(12), 1435–1444.
  • Ernst, N., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Blassnig, S., & Esser, F. (2017). Extreme parties and populism: An analysis of Facebook and twitter across six countries. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1347–1364. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1329333
  • Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
  • Farhangi, A. A., Abaspour, A., Bourghani Farahani, S., & Abachian Ghasemi, R. (2014). Analyzing the impact of social media on consumer attitudes toward the brand and their intention to purchase. Global Media Journal-Persian Edition, 9(2), 236–251.
  • Fuggetta, R. (2012). Brand advocates: Turning enthusiastic customers into a powerful marketing force (1st ed). Wiley.
  • Gensler, S., Völckner, F., Liu-Thompkins, Y., & Wiertz, C. (2013). Managing brands in the social media environment. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(4), 242–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2013.09.004
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2017). Social media teams as digital vanguards: The question of leadership in the management of key Facebook and twitter accounts of occupy Wall Street, indignados and UK uncut. Information, Communication & Society, 20(2), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1161817
  • Geurin, A. N., & Burch, L. M. (2017). User-generated branding via social media: An examination of six running brands. Sport Management Review, 20(3), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.09.001
  • Ghattas, D. A., & Al-Abdallah, G. M. (2020). Factors affecting customers selection of community pharmacies: The mediating effect of branded pharmacies and the moderating effect of demographics. Management Science Letters, 10(8), 1813–1826. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.12.037
  • Gunawan, A. I., Najib, M. F., & Setiawati, L. (2020). The effect of electronic word of mouth (e-WoM) on social media networking. IOP Conference Series. Materials Science and Engineering, 830(3), 32002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/830/3/032002
  • Gursoy, D. (2018). The Routledge handbook of hospitality marketing (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315445526
  • Hanaysha, J. (2016). The importance of social media advertisements in enhancing brand equity: A study on fast food restaurant industry in Malaysia. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 7(2), 46. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijimt.2016.7.2.643
  • Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/dir.10073
  • Horng, J., Liu, C., Chou, H., & Tsai, C. (2012). Understanding the impact of culinary brand equity and destination familiarity on travel intentions. Tourism Management, 33(4), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.09.004
  • Hoyer, W. D., & MacInnis, D. J. (2010). Consumer behaviour (5th, International ed.). South-Western/Cengage Learning.
  • Hsieh, W. L., & Huang, M. J. (2013). Marketing strategies for building the brand image of table tennis paddles. In The 13th International Table Tennis Federation Sports Science Congress Publishers International, Paris, France (pp. 27–31).
  • Huang, R., & Sarigöllü, E. (2012). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. Journal of Business Research, 65(1), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.02.003
  • Hudson, S., & Hudson, R. (2013). Engaging with consumers using social media: A case study of music festivals. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(3), 206–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEFM-06-2013-0012
  • Hudson, S., Huang, L., Roth, M. S., & Madden, T. J. (2016). The influence of social media interactions on consumer–brand relationships: A three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.06.004
  • Hutter, K., Hautz, J., Dennhardt, S., & Füller, J. (2013). The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention: The case of MINI on facebook. The Journal of Product & Brand Management, 22(5/6), 342–351. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-05-2013-0299
  • Instagram. (2017). About Us. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from https://www.instagram.com/about/us/
  • Jalilvand, M. R., Salimipour, S., Elyasi, M., & Mohammadi, M. (2017). Factors influencing word of mouth behaviour in the restaurant industry. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(1), 81–110. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-02-2016-0024
  • Jogaratnam, G. (2017). The effect of market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and human capital on positional advantage: Evidence from the restaurant industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 60(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.10.002
  • Joudeh, J. M., Khraiwish, M., Al-Gasawneh, A., A, J., Abu-Loghod, N. A., Nusairat, N. M., & Ali, N. N. (2021). customers’ perception of service quality in Syrian restaurants operating in Jordan: The mediating effect of customer satisfaction. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(6), 1–14.
  • Kang, J., Tang, L., & Fiore, A. M. (2015). Restaurant brand pages on Facebook: Do active member participation and monetary sales promotions matter? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(7), 1662–1684. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2014-0075
  • Kang, J. M., & Kim, J. (2017). Online customer relationship marketing tactics through social media and perceived customer retention orientation of the green retailer. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 21(3), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMM-08-2016-0071
  • Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2009). The fairyland of second life: Virtual social worlds and how to use them. Business Horizons, 52(6), 563–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.07.002
  • Keller, K. L., & Swaminathan, V. (2020). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity (Fifth ed.). Pearson Education, Limited.
  • Kim, H., & Kim, W. G. (2005). The relationship between brand equity and firms’ performance in luxury hotels and chain restaurants. Tourism Management, 26(4), 549–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.03.010
  • Kim, S., Koh, Y., Cha, J., & Lee, S. (2015). Effects of social media on firm value for U.S. restaurant companies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 49, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.05.006
  • Kim, E., & Drumwright, M. (2016). Engaging consumers and building relationships in social media: How social relatedness influences intrinsic vs. extrinsic consumer motivation. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 970–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.06.025
  • Kim, J. (2019). The impact of different price promotions on customer retention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 46, 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.10.007
  • King, K. N. V., & Paramita, E. L. (2016). foodstagram endorsement and buying interest in café/restaurant. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 18(2), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.18.2.100–110
  • Kwok, L., & Yu, B. (2013). Spreading social media messages on Facebook: An analysis of restaurant business-to-consumer communications. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 54(1), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965512458360
  • Latiff, Z. A., & Safiee, N. A. S. (2015). New business set up for branding strategies on social media – Instagram. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.100
  • Lee, E., Lee, J. A., Moon, J. H., & Sung, Y. (2015). Pictures speak louder than words: Motivations for using Instagram. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(9), 552–556. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0157
  • Leung, X. Y., Bai, B., & Stahura, K. A. (2015). The marketing effectiveness of social media in the hotel industry: A comparison of Facebook and twitter. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 39(2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348012471381
  • Lin, Y. (2013). Evaluation of co-branded hotels in the Taiwanese market: The role of brand familiarity and brand fit. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25(3), 346–364. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111311311017
  • Linacre, S. (2017). Facebook, twitter and the future of HR. Human Resource Management International Digest, 25(1), 41–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/HRMID-10-2016-0147
  • Matamoros-Fernández, A. (2017). Platformed racism: The mediation and circulation of an Australian race-based controversy on twitter, Facebook and YouTube. Information, Communication & Society, 20(6), 930–946. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1293130
  • Mihalcea, A., & Savulescu, R. (2013). Social networking sites: Guidelines for creating new business opportunities through Facebook, twitter and linkedin. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 1(1), 39–53.
  • Mikhael, M., & Daou, R. (2014). Uncovering the Lebanese Restaurant Industry. Retrieved July 05, 2017, from http://blog.blominvestbank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Uncovering-the-Lebanese-Restaurant-Industry1.pdf
  • Monica, B., & Balaåÿ, R. (2014). Social media marketing to increase brand awareness. Journal of Economics and Business Research, 20(2), 155–164.
  • Moussawi, G. (2013). Queering Beirut, the ‘Paris of the Middle East’: Fractal orientalism and essentialized masculinities in contemporary gay travelogues. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 20(7), 858–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2012.753586
  • Msoka, C. M., & Msoka, E. M. (2014). Determinants of customer retention in commercial banks in Tanzania. Journal of Finance and Bank Management, 2(1), 9–30.
  • Mustafa, S., & Al-Abdallah, G. (2020). The evaluation of traditional communication channels and its impact on purchase decision. Management Science Letters, 10(7), 1521–1532. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.12.014
  • Muttaqien, M. Z. (2019). Systemic cohesion in social media conversations: Cases on Facebook and twitter. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 9(2), 413–423. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v9i2.20239
  • National Restaurant Association. (2019). Retrieved 2019, from https://restaurant.org/research/reports/state-of-restaurant-industry
  • Nisar, T. M., & Whitehead, C. (2016). Brand interactions and social media: Enhancing user loyalty through social networking sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 743–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.042
  • Nusairat, N. M., Hammouri, Q., Al-Ghadir, H., Ahmad, A. M. K., & Al Haj Eid, M. (2020). The effect of design of restaurant on customer behavioral intentions. Management Science Letters, 10(9), 1929–1938. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.2.021
  • Oh, S., & Syn, S. Y. (2015). Motivations for sharing information and social support in social media: A comparative analysis of Facebook, twitter, delicious, YouTube, and flickr. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66(10), 2045–2060. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23320
  • Ong, C. H., Lee, H. W., & Ramayah, T. (2018). Impact of brand experience on loyalty. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(7), 755–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1445055
  • Orzan, G., Burghelea, I., Stupu, L. D., & Boboc, A. L. (2016). the impact of social media conversations on brand image of cloud computing providers. Analele Universităţii Din Oradea. Ştiinţe Economice, 25(1), 1002–1010.
  • Pantelidis, I. S. (2010). Electronic meal experience: A content analysis of online restaurant comments. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(4), 483–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965510378574
  • Paradiso, C. (2017a). Five reasons every agency should be on instagram. Insurance Advocate, 128(1), 8.
  • Paradiso, C. (2017b). Instantly grow your instagram. Insurance Advocate, 128(7), 12.
  • Park, M., Shin, J., & Ju, Y. (2019). Attachment styles and electronic word of mouth (e-WOM) adoption on social networking sites. Journal of Business Research, 99, 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.020
  • Parsa, H. G., Self, J. T., Njite, D., & King, T. (2005). Why restaurants fail. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 46(3), 304–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010880405275598
  • Pau, S. (2016). Photo-Sharing apps change the game for restaurants. Promotional Marketing, Business Source Complete, 1-1.
  • Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T., & Carley, K. M. (2014). Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks. Journal of Marketing Communications, 20(1–2), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2013.797778
  • Pittman, M., & Reich, B. (2016). Social media and loneliness: Why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand twitter words. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084
  • Platon, O. (2014). An analysis of the social media presence of the brands. Global Economic Observer, 2(1), 192–201.
  • Plunkett, D., & Reid, O. (2013). Detail in contemporary bar and restaurant design. Laurence King.
  • Price, C. (2017). customer retention strategies. Motor Age, 136(1), 8.
  • Reza Jalilvand, M., & Samiei, N. (2012). The effect of electronic word of mouth on brand image and purchase intention. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(4), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634501211231946
  • Rhodes, J. (20142014). On methods: What’s the Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Retrieved from: https://chronicle.umbmentoring.org/on-methods-whats-the-difference-between-qualitative-and-quantitative-approaches/.
  • Robin, R., & Dandis, A. O. Business as usual through contact tracing app: What influences intention to download? Journal of Marketing Management, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), 37(17–18) , 1903–1932. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2021.2017323
  • Roderick, L. (2016). Airbnb has the strongest brand advocates. Marketing Week. Retrieved 2016, from https://www.marketingweek.com/airbnb-strongest-brand-advocates/
  • Sanchís-Verdeguer, J. V. S., Peiro-Signes, A., & Segarra-Ona, M. (2014). Promoting restaurants using social networks: Still A lot of room for improvement. The International Business & Economics Research Journal, 13(7), 1613. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i7.8912
  • Schepers, J., & Nijssen, E. J. (2018). Brand advocacy in the frontline: How does it affect customer satisfaction? Journal of Service Management, 29(2), 230–252. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-07-2017-0165
  • Schivinski, B., & Dabrowski, D. (2016). The effect of social media communication on consumer perceptions of brands. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(2), 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2013.871323
  • Shank, M. D., & Langmeyer, L. (1994). Does Personality Influence Brand Image?. The Journal of Psychology, 128(2), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1994.9712719
  • Special Report: Restaurant Sector Outlook. (2022). Retrieved February 7, 2022, from https://bimpos.com/news/special-report-restaurant-sector-outlook
  • Spielmann, N., Laroche, M., & Borges, A. (2012). How service seasons the experience: Measuring hospitality servicescapes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 360–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.06.001
  • Statista. (nd.). Global digital population. Retrieved January 2, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/
  • Stephenson, J., Vaganay, M., Coon, D., Cameron, R., & Hewitt, N. (2018). The role of Facebook and twitter as organisational communication platforms in relation to flood events in Northern Ireland: Role of Facebook and twitter as organisational communication platforms. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 11(3), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12329
  • Steven, R. (2016). The Instagram enthusiast. Creative Review, 36(5), 45–49.
  • Strategic Direction (Bradford, England). (2015). How social media aids consumer engagement. The Value of an Online Brand Community, 31(6), 21–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/SD-05-2015-0062
  • Su, N., John Mariadoss, B., & Reynolds, D. (2015). Friendship on social networking sites: Improving relationships between hotel brands and consumers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 51, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.08.009
  • Su, J., & Tong, X. (2016). Brand personality, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty: A perspective from denim jeans brands. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 44(4), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12171
  • Sung, Y., & Kim, J. (2010). Effects of brand personality on brand trust and brand affect. Psychology & Marketing, 27(7), 639–661. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20349
  • Suzy Fleming, L. (2016). ”Refining fine dining”. Florida Today. Melbourne, Florida. pp. 1A, 6A, 7A. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
  • Tang, C. F., & Abosedra, S. (2014). Small sample evidence on the tourism-led growth hypothesis in Lebanon. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(3), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.732044
  • Teng, C. (2011). Commercial hospitality in restaurants and tourist accommodation: Perspectives from international consumer experience in scotland. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 866–874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.01.007
  • Teng, C., & Chang, J. (2013). Mechanism of customer value in restaurant consumption: Employee hospitality and entertainment cues as boundary conditions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.05.008
  • Thaichon, P., & Quach, T. N. (2015). From marketing communications to brand management: Factors influencing relationship quality and customer retention. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 14(3), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2015.1069523
  • Tham, J. (2014). Book review: Advertising theory, edited by S. Rodgers & E. Thorson.
  • Ting, H., Ming, W. W. P., de Run, E. C., & Choo, S. L. Y. (2015). Beliefs about the use of Instagram: An exploratory study. International Journal of Business and Innovation, 2(2), 15–31.
  • Total Visitor Arrivals to Lebanon - BRITE. (2022). Retrieved February 7, 2022, from https://brite.blominvestbank.com/series/Total-Visitor-Arrivals-to-Lebanon-4401/
  • Tseng, F., Cheng, T. C. E., Li, K., & Teng, C. (2017). How does media richness contribute to customer loyalty to mobile instant messaging? Internet Research, 27(3), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2016-0181
  • Tsimonis, G., & Dimitriadis, S. (2014). Brand strategies in social media. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 32(3), 328–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-04-2013-0056
  • Tussyadiah, S. P., Kausar, D. R., & Soesilo, P. K. M. (2018). The effect of engagement in online social network on susceptibility to influence. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(2), 201–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348015584441
  • Wallace, E., Buil, I., & de Chernatony, L. (2014). Consumer engagement with self-expressive brands: Brand love and WOM outcomes. The Journal of Product & Brand Management, 23(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2013-0326
  • Wang, L. C., Baker, J., Wagner, J. A., & Wakefield, K. (2007). Can a retail web site be social? Journal of Marketing, 71(3), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.71.3.143
  • West, J., Barriers to Entry. (2005). OECD roundtables on competition policy. Working Paper No. 58. Retrieved January 2, 2022, from https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.893162
  • Whitty, M. T., Doodson, J., Creese, S., & Hodges, D. (2018). A picture tells a thousand words: What Facebook and twitter images convey about our personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.050
  • World Population Review. (2020). Retrieved January 2, 2022, from http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/beirut-population/
  • Yang, C. C. (2016). Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: Interact and browse on social media, but don’t compare. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(12), 703–708. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0201
  • Yazdanparast, A., Joseph, M., & Muniz, F. (2016). Consumer based brand equity in the 21st century: An examination of the role of social media marketing. Young Consumers, 17(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-03-2016-00590
  • Yilmaz, K. (2013). Comparison of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Traditions: Epistemological, theoretical, and methodological differences. European Journal of Education, 48(2), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12014
  • Young, J. A. (2017). Facebook, twitter, and blogs: The adoption and utilization of social media in nonprofit human service organizations. Human Service Organizations, Management, Leadership & Governance, 41(1), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2016.1192574
  • Yusr, M. M., Mokhtar, S. S. M., Salimon, M. G., & Perumal, S. (2018). the strategic options to enhance the competitive advantage of Malaysian restaurant sector. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 21(1), 123–132.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.