References
- Aiyar, Yamini. 2019. Modi Consolidates Power: Leveraging Welfare Politics.” Journal of Democracy 30 (4): 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2019.0070.
- Alrababa’h, Ala’, Scott Williamson, Andrea Dillon, Jens Hainmueller, Dominik Hangartner, Michael Hotard, David D. Laitin, Duncan Lawrence, and Jeremy Weinstein. 2022. “Learning from Null Effects: A Bottom-Up Approach.” In Political Analysis, 448–456. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/pan.2021.51.
- Azzollini, Leo. 2021. “The Scar Effects of Unemployment on Electoral Participation: Withdrawal and Mobilization across European Societies.” European Sociological Review 37 (6): 1007–1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcab016.
- Balinov, Ivo. 2006. “The 2005 Parliamentary Election Lottery in Bulgaria.” In Engaging the Electorate: Initiatives to Promote Voter Turnout from around the World (Including Voter Turnout Data from National Elections Worldwide 1945–2006), edited by Andrew Ellis, Maria Gratschew, Jon H. Pammett, and Erin Thiessen, 60–61. Stockholm: International IDEA. https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/engaging-the-electorate-initiatives-to-promote-voter-turnout-from-around-the-world.pdf.
- Bankston, Levi, and Barry C. Burden. 2023. “Voter Mobilization Efforts Can Depress Turnout.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 33 (1): 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1949328.
- Barber, Michael, and John B. Holbein. 2020. “The participatory and partisan impacts of mandatory vote-by-mail.” Science Advances, 6 (35): eabc7685. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc7685.
- Bedolla, Lisa Garcia, and Melissa R. Michelson. 2012. Mobilizing Inclusion: Transforming the Electorate Through Get-Out-the-Vote Campaigns. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Bergh, Johannes, and Dag Arne Christensen. 2022. “Getting out the Vote in Different Electoral Contexts: The Effect of Impersonal Voter Mobilization Techniques in Middle and High Salience Norwegian Elections.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 34: 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2022.2051149.
- Bhatti, Yosef, Jens Olav Dahlgaard, Jonas Hedegaard Hansen, and Kasper M. Hansen. 2017. “Moving the Campaign from the Front Door to the Front Pocket: Field Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Phrasing and Timing of Text Messages on Voter Turnout.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 27 (3): 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2016.1270288.
- Bratton, Michael. 2008. “Vote Buying and Violence in Nigerian Election Campaigns.” Electoral Studies 27 (4): 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2008.04.013.
- Castro Cornejo, Rodrigo, and Ulises Beltrán. 2022. “Who Receives Electoral Gifts? It Depends on Question Wording: Experimental Evidence from Mexico.” Political Behavior 44 (1): 227–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09618-1.
- Catalinac, Amy, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, and Alastair Smith. 2020. “A Tournament Theory of Pork Barrel Politics: The Case of Japan.” Comparative Political Studies 53 (10-11): 1619–1655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414019897677.
- Cattaneo, Matias D., Nicolás Idrobo, and Rocío Titiunik. 2019. “A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs: Foundations.” In Elements in Quantitative and Computational Methods for the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684606.
- Cebula, Richard J. 2017. “Unemployment and Voter Turnout Revisited: A Brief Note.” Electoral Studies 48: 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.06.003.
- Cześnik, Mikołaj, and Piotr Zagórski. 2024. “Electoral Turnout in Poland.” In The Oxford Handbook of Polish Politics, edited by Katarzyna Walecka, Simona Guerra, and Fernando Casal Bértoa. Oxford University Press.
- Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1cc2kv1.
- Duffy, John, and Alexander Matros. 2014. “On the Use of Fines and Lottery Prizes to Increase Voter Turnout.” Economics Bulletin 34 (2): 966–975. https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eblecbull/eb-13-00689.htm.
- Dziennik Gazeta Prawna. 2020. “Duda zabiega o głosy na wsi: Chodzi o to, by rolnik miał poczucie spokoju.” https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/1484870,duda-kampania-na-wsi.html.
- Gans-Morse, Jordan, Sebastián Mazzuca, and Simeon Nichter. 2014. “Varieties of Clientelism: Machine Politics during Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (2): 415–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12058.
- Gazeta Wyborcza. 2019. “Poznaniacy za wysoką frekwencję w wyborach dostaną koncert. Radny chce też po 100 tys. zł dla najaktywniejszych osiedli.” https://poznan.wyborcza.pl/poznan/7,36001,25324539,poznaniacy-za-wysoka-frekwencje-w-wyborach-dostana-koncert.html.
- Gazeta Wyborcza (Agata Kondzińska). 2020a. “‘Bitwa o wozy”. Rząd rozda wozy strażackie w zamian za frekwencję w pierwszej turze’. https://zielonagora.wyborcza.pl/zielonagora/7,35182,26049978,wybory-prezydenckie-2020-minister-kaminski-obiecal-woz-strazacki.html.
- Gazeta Wyborcza (Piotr Miączyński). 2020b. “Premier Morawiecki rozdawał czeki samorządowcom. Są ciągle warte tyle co papier.” https://wyborcza.biz/biznes/7,177151,26133666,premier-morawiecki-rozdawal-czeki-samorzadowcom-sa-ciagle-warte.html.
- Golden, Miriam A., and Lucio Picci. 2008. “Pork-Barrel Politics in Postwar Italy, 1953–94.” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2): 268–289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00312.x.
- Górecki, Maciej, and Michał Pierzgalski. mimeo. “Electoral Rules, Competitiveness and Voter Turnout: A Quasi-Experimental Test.” https://coms.events/epsa-2022/data/abstracts/en/abstract_0929.html.
- Green, Donald P., and Alan S. Gerber. 2004. Get out the Vote!: How to Increase Voter Turnout. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0413/2004000391.html.
- Grembi, Veronica, Tommaso Nannicini, and Ugo Troiano. 2016. “Do Fiscal Rules Matter?” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8 (3): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20150076.
- Hajder, Krzysztof. 2013. “Bezrobocie a kształtowanie się układu sił politycznych w Sejmie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Próba analizy korelacji.” Studia Politologiczne 29: 133–117. https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-f8ba8f8b-60f4-49f8-a83f-8c8467282901.
- Hicks, William D., Seth C. McKee, Mitchell D. Sellers, and Daniel A. Smith. 2015. “A Principle or a Strategy? Voter Identification Laws and Partisan Competition in the American States.” Political Research Quarterly 68 (1): 18–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912914554039.
- Horni, Pascal. 2023. “Voter Turnout and Abstention Pricing: Quasi-Experimental Evidence on the Effects of a Marginal Increase in the Monetary Enforcement of Compulsory Voting.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 33 (1): 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2021.1994579.
- Leight, Jessica, Dana Foarta, Rohini Pande, and Laura Ralston. 2020. “Value for Money? Vote-Buying and Politician Accountability.” Journal of Public Economics 190: 104227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104227.
- Mares, Isabela, and Lauren E. Young. 2019. Conditionality & Coercion: Electoral Clientelism in Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Miller, Peter, and Neilan S. Chaturvedi. 2018. “Get out the Early Vote: Co-Ethnic Mobilization and Convenience Voting.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 28 (4): 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2018.1437545.
- MSWiA. 2020a. “Wytyczne w I turze Bitwy o wozy.” https://www.gov.pl/web/mswia/wytyczne-w-i-turze-bitwy-o-wozy.
- MSWiA. 2020b. “Wytyczne II tury.” https://www.gov.pl/web/mswia/wytyczne-ii-tury.
- Naess, Ole-Andreas Elvik. 2022. “Increasing Turnout with a Text Message: Evidence from a Large Campaign from the Government.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2022.2120888.
- naTemat (Katarzyna Zuchowicz). 2020. “‘Jak dają za darmo, trzeba brać’. Bitwa o wozy podzieliła Polaków. Ale PiS wiedział, co robi.” https://natemat.pl/312691,bitwa-o-wozy-wsrod-strazakow-mobilizacja-namawiaja-do-udzialu-w-wyborach.
- Nichter, Simeon. 2008. “Vote Buying or Turnout Buying? Machine Politics and the Secret Ballot.” American Political Science Review 102 (1): 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080106.
- Nichter, Simeon. 2021. ‘Vote Buying in Brazil: From Impunity to Prosecution’. Latin American Research Review 56 (1). 3–19. https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.412.
- Pereira dos Santos, João, José Tavares, and Pedro C. Vicente. 2021. “Can ATMs Get out the Vote? Evidence from a Nationwide Field Experiment.” European Economic Review 134: 103691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103691.
- Pierzgalski, Michał. 2012. “Modele regresyjne w badaniu zachowań wyborczych.” Athenaeum Polskie Studia Politologiczne 36 (4): 114–142. http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_15804_athena_2012_36_06.
- Schaffer, Joby, and Andy Baker. 2015. “Clientelism as Persuasion-Buying: Evidence From Latin America.” Comparative Political Studies 48 (9): 1093–1126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015574881.
- Scott, James C. 1972. Comparative Political Corruption. Prentice-Hall Contemporary Comparative Politics Series. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Semetko, Holli A. 2007. ‘Political Communication’. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, edited by Russell J. Dalton and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, 123–143. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.003.0007.
- Smoglab. 2020. “Nowe drzewa dla osiedla z największą frekwencją. Tak Poznań mobilizuje do głosowania.” https://smoglab.pl/nowe-drzewa-dla-osiedla-z-najwieksza-frekwencja-tak-poznan-mobilizuje-do-glosowania/.
- Sundström, Aksel, and Daniel Stockemer. 2015. “Regional Variation in Voter Turnout in Europe: The Impact of Corruption Perceptions.” Electoral Studies 40: 158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.08.006.
- Teehankee, Julio Cabral, and Yuko Kasuya. 2020. “The 2019 Midterm Elections in the Philippines: Party System Pathologies and Duterte’s Populist Mobilization.” Asian Journal of Comparative Politics 5 (1): 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057891119896425.
- Tóth, Michal, Miroslav Nemčok, and Peter Spáč. 2022. “I Don’t Like It Unless It’s for Me: Voters’ Perceptions of Pork-Barrel Politics in Central and Eastern Europe.” Problems of Post-Communism 69 (6): 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2021.1914111.
- TVN24. 2020. “Sondażowe wyniki wyborów. https://tvn24.pl/wybory-prezydenckie-2020/ii-tura/wyniki-sondazowe-druga-tura.
- Veiga, Linda Gonçalves, and Francisco José Veiga. 2013. “Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers as Pork Barrel.” Public Choice 155 (3-4): 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-011-9863-2.
- Wasilewski, Jacek. 2004. “Terytorialne zróżnicowanie poparcia dla wejścia Polski do Unii Europejskiej.” Studia Regionalne i Lokalne 5 (17): 105–118. http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-7f9ae3dc-d0ca-4e13-b87d-414d1b3b91c0.
- Wass, Hanna, Mikko Mattila, Lauri Rapeli, and Peter Söderlund. 2017. “Voting While Ailing? The Effect of Voter Facilitation Instruments on Health-Related Differences in Turnout.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 27 (4): 503–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2017.1280500.
- Watchdog. 2020. “Jak skończyła się ‘Bitwa o wozy’?” https://siecobywatelska.pl/jak-skonczyla-sie-bitwa-o-wozy/.
- Wirtualne Media. 2020. “Trzaskowski w spocie opowiada o sobie, krytykuje go Duda. ‘Bitwa o wozy’ w akcji MSWiA.” https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/rafal-trzaskowski-i-andrzej-duda-wybory-prezycenskie-2020-noww-spoty-wozy-strazackie-w-akcji-mswia-wideo.