213
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Attention allocation in elite football refereeing: conceptual, empirical, and applied considerations

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 474-492 | Received 15 Jun 2023, Accepted 15 Apr 2024, Published online: 23 Apr 2024

References

  • Aragão e Pina, J. A., Passos, A. M., Maynard, M. T., & Sinval, J. (2021). Self-efficacy, mental model and team adaptation: A first approach on football and futsal refereeing. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, 101787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101787
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2016). Strength model of self-regulation as limited resource: Assessment, controversies, update. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 54, 67–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.04.001
  • Beckmann, J., Gröpel, P., & Ehrlenspiel, F. (2013). Preventing motor skill failure through hemisphere-specific priming: Cases from choking under pressure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142(3), 679–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029852
  • Bertollo, M., di Fronso, S., Conforto, S., Schmid, M., Bortoli, L., Comani, S., & Robazza, C. (2016). Proficient brain for optimal performance: The MAP model perspective. PeerJ, 4, e2082. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2082
  • Blanchfield, A. W., Hardy, J., De Morree, H. M., Staiano, W., & Marcora, S. M. (2014). Talking yourself out of exhaustion: The effects of self-talk on endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(5), 998–1007. https://doi.org/10.1037/a002985210.1249/MSS.0000000000000184
  • Bloß, N., Schorer, J., Loffing, F., & Büsch, D. (2020). Physical load and referees’ decision making in sports games: A scoping review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(1), 149–157.
  • Brams, S., Ziv, G., Levin, O., Spitz, J., Wagemans, J., Williams, A. M., & Helsen, W. F. (2019). The relationship between gaze behavior, expertise, and performance: A systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(10), 980–1027. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000207
  • Castagna, C., Abt, G., & D'Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Medicine, 37(7), 625–646. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00006
  • Castillo, D., Cámara, J., Castagna, C., & Yanci, J. (2017). Effects of the off-season period on field and assistant soccer referees’ physical performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 56(1), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0033
  • Cunningham, I., Simmons, P., & Mascarenhas, D. (2018). Sport officials’ strategies for managing interactions with players: Face-work on the front-stage. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 39, 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.009
  • Dadi, M. A., & Yildiz, Ö. (2022). Opinions of football referees on the VAR system and VAR training. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 24(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1072304
  • Dawson, P. M. (2012). Experience, social pressure and performance: The case of soccer officials. Applied Economics Letters, 19(9), 883–886. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2011.607118
  • De Ridder, D. T., Lensvelt-Mulders, G., Finkenauer, C., Stok, F. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2012). Taking stock of self-control: A meta-analysis of how trait self-control relates to a wide range of behaviors. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(1), 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311418749
  • Downward, P., & Jones, M. (2007). Effects of crowd size on referee decisions: Analysis of the FA cup. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(14), 1541–1545. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701275193
  • Ekelund, M., Fernsund, H., Karlsson, S., & Mac Giolla, E. (2022). Does expertise reduce rates of inattentional blindness? A meta-analysis. Perception, 51(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/03010066211072466
  • Elbanna, H. (2023). Exploring the neural basis of football referee decision making: An EEG study of performance and mental effort. Bielefeld University. https://doi.org/10.4119/unibi/2978705
  • Englert, C. (2016). The strength model of self-control in sport and exercise psychology. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00314
  • Englert, C., Pageaux, B., & Wolff, W. (2020). Self-control in sports. In Z. Zenko & L. Jones (Eds.), Essentials of exercise and sport psychology: An open access textbook (pp. 509–529). Society for Transparency, Openness, and Replication in Kinesiology. https://doi.org/10.51224/B1022
  • Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long-term working memory. Psychological Review, 102(2), 211–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.211
  • Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013a). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685
  • Evans, J. S. B. T., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013b). Theory and meta theory in the study of dual processing: Reply to comments. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613483774
  • Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
  • Eysenck, M. W., & Wilson, M. R. (2016). Sporting performance, pressure and cognition: Introducing attentional control theory: Sport. In An introduction to applied cognitive psychology (pp. 330–351). Psychology Press.
  • Filho, E., Dobersek, U., & Husselman, T. A. (2021). The role of neural efficiency, transient hypofrontality and neural proficiency in optimal performance in self-paced sports: A meta-analytic review. Experimental Brain Research, 239(5), 1381–1393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-021-06078-9
  • Furley, P., & Goldschmied, N. (2021). Systematic vs. Narrative reviews in sport and exercise psychology: Is either approach superior to the other? Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 685082. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685082
  • Furley, P., Memmert, D., & Heller, C. (2010). The dark side of visual awareness in sport: Inattentional blindness in a real-world basketball task. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 72(5), 1327–1337. https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.72.5.1327
  • Furley, P., Schweizer, G., & Bertrams, A. (2015). The two modes of an athlete: Dual process theories in the field of sport. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 106–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1022203
  • Furley, P., & Wood, G. (2016). Working memory, attentional control, and expertise in sports: A review of current literature and directions for future research. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5(4), 415–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.05.001
  • Gaoua, N., de Oliveira, R. F., & Hunter, S. (2017). Perception, action, and cognition of football referees in extreme temperatures: Impact on decision performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article1479. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01479
  • Gegenfurtner, A., Lehtinen, E., & Säljö, R. (2011). Expertise differences in the comprehension of visualizations: A meta-analysis of eye-tracking research in professional domains. Educational Psychology Review, 23(4), 523–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9174-7
  • Ghasemi, A., Momeni, M., Jafarzadehpur, E., Rezaee, M., & Taheri, H. (2011). Visual skills involved in decision making by expert referees. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 112(1), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.2466/05.22.24.27.PMS.112.1.161-171
  • Ghasemi, A., Momeni, M., Rezaee, M., & Gholami, A. (2009). The difference in visual skills between expert versus novice soccer referees. Journal of Human Kinetics, 22(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-009-0018-1
  • Goumas, C. (2014). Home advantage and referee bias in European football. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(Suppl. 1), S243–S249. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.686062
  • Gray, R. (2020). Attentional theories of choking under pressure revisited. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (4th ed., pp. 595–610). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch28
  • Gregersen, J., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, E., Comoutos, N., & Papaioannou, A. (2017). Countering the consequences of ego depletion: The effects of self-talk on selective attention. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0265
  • Guillén, F., & Feltz, D. (2011). A conceptual model of referee efficacy. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00025
  • Hamsund, T., & Scelles, N. (2021). Fans’ perceptions towards video assistant referee (VAR) in the English premier league. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(12), 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120573
  • Han, B., Chen, Q., Lago-Peñas, C., Wang, C., & Liu, T. (2020). The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese super league. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(5–6), 662–668. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120938984
  • Han, D. H., Park, H. W., Kee, B. S., Na, C., Na, D.-H. E., & Zaichkowsky, L. (2011). Performance enhancement with low stress and anxiety modulated by cognitive flexibility. Psychiatry Investigation, 8(3), 221–226. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2011.8.3.221
  • Hardy, J. (2006). Speaking clearly: A critical review of the self-talk literature. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.04.002
  • Hatfield, B. D. (2018). Brain dynamics and motor behavior: A case for efficiency and refinement for superior performance. Kinesiology Review, 7(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2017-0056
  • Hatfield, B. D., Jaquess, K. J., Lo, L.-C., & Oh, H. (2020). The cognitive and affective neuroscience of superior athletic performance. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (4th ed., pp. 487–512). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch23
  • Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Galanis, E., & Theodorakis, Y. (2011). Self-talk and sports performance: A meta-analysis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(4), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611413136
  • Helsen, W., MacMahon, C., & Spitz, J. (2019). Decision making in match officials and judges. In M. Williams & R. Jackson (Eds.), Anticipation and decision-making in sport (pp. 250–266). Routledge.
  • Hillman, C. H., Apparies, R. J., Janelle, C. M., & Hatfield, B. D. (2000). An electrocortical comparison of executed and rejected shots in skilled marksmen. Biological Psychology, 52(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0511(99)00021-6
  • Hüttermann, S., Helsen, W. F., Put, K., & Memmert, D. (2018). Does visual attention impact on decision making in complex dynamic events? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 40(3), 163–166. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2017-0169
  • Hüttermann, S., & Memmert, D. (2012). Moderate movement, more vision: Effects of physical exercise on inattentional blindness. Perception, 41(8), 963–975. https://doi.org/10.1068/p7294
  • IFAB. (2023). Football laws of the game. Retrieved July 10, 2023 from https://www.theifab.com/
  • Impellizzeri, F. M., Marcora, S. M., & Coutts, A. J. (2019). Internal and external training load: 15 years on. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 14(2), 270–273. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0935
  • Johansen, B. T., & Erikstad, M. K. (2021). A preliminary analysis of the importance of distance, angle, and insight when soccer referees make penalty decisions. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, Article 595703. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.595703
  • Johansen, B. T., & Haugen, T. (2013). Anxiety level and decision-making among Norwegian top-class soccer referees. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.773665
  • Jones, E. S., Mullen, R., & Hardy, L. (2019). Measurement and validation of a three factor hierarchical model of competitive anxiety. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 43, 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.12.011
  • Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded reality. American Psychologist, 58(9), 697–720. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.58.9.697
  • Kittel, A., Cunningham, I., Larkin, P., Hawkey, M., & Rix-Lièvre, G. (2021). Decision-making training in sporting officials: Past, present and future. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 56, 102003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102003
  • Kittel, A., Lindsay, R., Larkin, P., & Spittle, M. (2022). The application of 360°VR for training sports officials: A constraints-led approach. Managing Sport and Leisure 1–9. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2126995
  • Lacourse, M. G., Orr, E. L., Cramer, S. C., & Cohen, M. J. (2005). Brain activation during execution and motor imagery of novel and skilled sequential hand movements. NeuroImage, 27(3), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.025
  • Lago-Peñas, C., Ezequiel, R., & Anton, K. (2019). How does video assistant referee (VAR) modify the game in elite soccer? International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(4), 646–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1646521
  • Lebeau, J. C., Liu, S., Sáenz-Moncaleano, C., Sanduvete-Chaves, S., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Becker, B. J., & Tenenbaum, G. (2016). Quiet eye and performance in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 38(5), 441–457. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0123
  • Lidor, R., & Ziv, G. (2021). Attention. In E. Filho & I. Basevitch (Eds.), Sport, exercise and performance psychology: Research directions to advance the field. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512494.003.0002
  • Lima, Y., Devran, S., Öz, N. D., Webb, T., & Bayraktar, B. (2023). Examining the mental health status of referees in the Turkish professional football league. Science & Medicine in Football, 7(3), 272–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2084150
  • Mack, A., & Rock, I. (1998). Inattentional blindness. MIT Press.
  • MacMahon, C., Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L., & Weston, M. (2007). Decision-making skills and deliberate practice in elite association football referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600718640
  • MacMahon, C., Mascarenhas, D., Plessner, H., Pizzera, A., Oudejans, R., & Raab, M. (2015). Sports officials and officiating: Science and practice. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Marcora, S. (2019). Psychobiology of fatigue during endurance exercise. In C. Meijen (Ed.), Endurance performance in sport (pp. 15–34). Routledge.
  • Mascarenhas, D. R. D., Collins, D., & Mortimer, P. (2002). The art of reason versus the exactness of science in elite refereeing: Comments on Plessner and Betsch (2001). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(3), 328–333. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.3.328
  • Mascarenhas, D. R. D., O’Hare, D., & Plessner, H. (2006). The psychological and performance demands of association football refereeing. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 37(2/3), 99–120.
  • Masters, R., & Maxwell, J. (2008). The theory of reinvestment. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2), 160–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/17509840802287218
  • Memmert, D. (2006). The effects of eye movements, age, and expertise on inattentional blindness. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(3), 620–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2006.01.001
  • Moran, A. (2014). Attention theory. In R. C. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology (pp. 39–43). Sage.
  • Neville, T. J., & Salmon, P. M. (2016a). Never blame the umpire–a review of situation awareness models and methods for examining the performance of officials in sport. Ergonomics, 59(7), 962–975.
  • Neville, T. J., & Salmon, P. M. (2016b). Look who’s talking – In-game communications analysis as an indicator of recognition primed decision making in elite Australian rules football umpires. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 11(1), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555343416672557
  • Page, K., & Page, L. (2010). Alone against the crowd: Individual differences in referees’ ability to cope under pressure. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(2), 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.08.007
  • Pazzona, R., Guicciardi, M., & Murgia, M. (2018). The inattentional blindness in soccer referees. Medicine dello Sport, 71(2), 216–225. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0025-7826.18.03209-X
  • Picazo-Tadeo, A. J., González-Gómez, F., & Guardiola, J. (2017). Does the crowd matter in refereeing decisions? Evidence from Spanish soccer. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(5), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2015.1126852
  • Pizzera, A., Laborde, S., Lahey, J., & Wahl, P. (2022). Influence of physical and psychological stress on decision-making performance of soccer referees. Journal of Sports Sciences 40(18), 2037–2046. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2022.2127516
  • Raab, M., Avugos, S., Bar-Eli, M., & MacMahon, C. (2021). The referee’s challenge: A threshold process model for decision making in sport games. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(1), 208–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1783696
  • Russell, S., Jenkins, D., Smith, M., Halson, S., & Kelly, V. (2019). The application of mental fatigue research to elite team sport performance: New perspectives. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(6), 723–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2018.12.008
  • Russell, S., Renshaw, I., & Davids, K. (2019). How interacting constraints shape emergent decision-making of national-level football referees. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1493525
  • Salazar, W., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., Han, M. M., Crews, D. J., & Kubitz, K. A. (1990). Hemispheric asymmetry, cardiac response, and performance in elite archers. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport, 61(4), 351–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1990.10607499
  • Samuel, R. D. (2015). A psychological preparation framework for elite soccer referees: A practitioner’s perspective. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 6(3), 170–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2015.1065938
  • Samuel, R. D. (2017). Training prospective soccer referees using a deliberate practice perspective: The Israeli excellence program. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 8(3), 184–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2017.1287798
  • Samuel, R. D. (2019). Soccer referees’ transition to the premier league: A case study reflecting individual experiences and consultancy. Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2018-0017
  • Samuel, R. D. (2020). Referees: Developmental, performance, and training considerations. In M. Bertollo, E. Filho, & P. Terry (Eds.), Advancements in mental skills training (pp. 249–267). Routledge.
  • Samuel, R. D., Zavdy, O., Levav, M., Reuveny, R., Katz, U., & Dubnov-Raz, G. (2017). The effects of maximal intensity exercise on cognitive performance in children. Journal of human kinetics, 57(1), 85–96.
  • Samuel, R. D., Aragão e Pina, J., Galily, Y., Travassos, B., Hochman, G., Figueiredo, P., & Tenenbaum, G. (2022). The effects of the 2020–2021 Coronavirus pandemic change-event on football refereeing: Evidence from the Israeli and Portuguese leagues. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 21(1), 33–55. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.2025139
  • Samuel, R. D., Englert, C., Basevitch, I., & Galily, Y. (2024). The effects of VAR interventions on self-rated mental fatigue and self-rated performance of football referees. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2024.2340195
  • Samuel, R. D., Englert, C., Zhang, Q., & Basevitch, I. (2018). Hi ref, are you in control? Self-control, ego-depletion, and performance in soccer referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.009
  • Samuel, R. D., Galily, Y., Filho, E., & Tenenbaum, G. (2020). Implementation of the video assistant referee (VAR) as a career change-event: The Israeli premier league case study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 564855. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564855
  • Samuel, R. D., Galily, Y., Guy, O., Sharoni, E., & Tenenbaum, G. (2019). A decision-making simulator for soccer referees. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 14(4), 480–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954119858696
  • Samuel, R. D., Matzkin, G., Gal, S., & Englert, C. (2020). The “10 mentality:” A longitudinal case study of self-control strength in two competitive recurve archers. Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(1), 142–151. https://doi.org/10.1123/cssep.2020-0021
  • Samuel, R. D., Stambulova, N., Galily, Y., & Tenenbaum, G. (2023). Adaptation to change: A meta-model of adaptation in sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1–25. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2168726
  • Samuel, R. D., Tenenbaum, G., & Galily, Y. (2021). An integrated conceptual framework of decision-making in soccer refereeing. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19(5), 738–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1766539
  • Sánchez Cid, M., & García García, A. L. (2020). The interaction between audio and the video assistant referee in football. In M. Armenteros, A. J. Benítez, & A. M. Betancor (Eds.), The use of video technologies in refereeing football and other sports (pp. 70–85). Routledge.
  • Scanlon, C., Griggs, G., & McGillick, C. (2022). ‘It’s not football anymore’: Perceptions of the video assistant referee by English premier league football fans. Soccer & Society, 23(8), 1084–1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2022.2033731
  • Schmidt, R. A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2004). Motor learning and performance. Human Kinetics.
  • Schmidt, S. L., Schmidt, G. J., Padilla, C. S., Simões, E. N., Tolentino, J. C., Barroso, P. R., Narciso, J. H., Godoy, E. S., & Costa Filho, R. L. (2020). Decrease in attentional performance after repeated bouts of high intensity exercise in association-football referees and assistant referees. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2014. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02014
  • Schnyder, U., & Hossner, E.-J. (2016). Psychological issues in football officiating: An interview study with top-level referees. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 1, 004. https://doi.org/10.15203/CISS_2016.004
  • Schrödter, R., & Klatt, S. (2022). Context matters: An examination of game management in refereeing. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 1–24. Advance online publication.
  • Skirbekk, S. (2023). Video assistant referee (VAR), gender and football refereeing: A scoping review. Soccer & Society 25(3), 360–377. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2023.2256231
  • Slack, L. A., Maynard, I. W., Butt, J., & Olusoga, P. (2013). Factors underpinning football officiating excellence: Perceptions of English premier league referees. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(3), 298–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.726935
  • Spitz, J., Put, K., Wagemans, J., Williams, A. M., & Helsen, W. F. (2016). Visual search behaviours of association football referees during assessment of foul play situations. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 1(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-016-0013-8
  • Spitz, J., Put, K., Wagemans, J., Williams, A. M., & Helsen, W. F. (2018). The role of domain-generic and domain-specific perceptual-cognitive skills in association football referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.010
  • Ste-Marie, D. M. (2003). Expertise in sport judges and referees: Circumventing information processing limitations. In J. L. Starkes & A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sport: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 169–190). Human Kinetics.
  • Tenenbaum, G. (2003). Expert athletes: An integrated approach to decision making. In J. Starkes & A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 191–218). Human Kinetics.
  • Tod, D., Hardy, J., & Oliver, E. (2011). Effects of self-talk: A systematic review. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 33(5), 666–687. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.5.666
  • Unkelbach, C., & Memmert, D. (2008). Game management, context effects, and calibration: The case of yellow cards in soccer. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.1.95
  • van Biemen, T., Müller, D., & Mann, D. L. (2023). Virtual reality as a representative training environment for football referees. Human Movement Science, 89, 103091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2023.103091
  • van Biemen, T., Oudejans, R. R. D., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., Zwenk, F., & Mann, D. L. (2022). Into the eyes of the referee: A comparison of elite and sub-elite football referees’ on-field visual search behaviour when making foul judgements. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 18(1), 78–90. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211069469
  • van Biemen, T., van Zanten, T. F., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Mann, D. L. (2022). “What needs to be seen”: An exploration into the visual anticipation behaviour of different skill-level football referees while observing long passes on-field. Human Movement Science, 85, 102980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2022.102980
  • van Mier, H., Tempel, L. W., Perlmutter, J. S., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1998). Changes in brain activity during motor learning measured with PET: Effects of hand of performance and practice. Journal of Neurophysiology, 80(4), 2177–2199. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.2177
  • Van Raalte, J. L., Vincent, A., & Brewer, B. W. (2016). Self-talk: Review and sport-specific model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.004
  • Vickers, J. N. (2007). Perception, cognition, and decision training: The quiet eye in action. Human Kinetics.
  • Weston, M., Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F. M., Bizzini, M., Williams, A. M., & Gregson, W. (2012). Science and medicine applied to soccer refereeing: An update. Sports Medicine, 42(7), 615–631. https://doi.org/10.2165/11632360-000000000-00000
  • Wulf, G., & Lewthwaite, R. (2020). Optimizing attentional focus. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (4th ed., pp. 653–665). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119568124.ch31
  • Zhang, Y., Li, D., Gómez-Ruano, MÁ, Memmert, D., Li, C., & Fu, M. (2022). The effect of the video assistant referee (VAR) on referees’ decisions at FIFA Women's World Cups. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 984367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984367
  • Ziv, G., Lidor, R., Zach, S., Brams, S., & Helsen, W. F. (2020). Gaze behavior of referees in sport – A review. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2, Article 572891. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.572891