227
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Development of a common conceptual framework for the adaptation of coastal flood protection systems

ORCID Icon, &
Received 06 Oct 2022, Accepted 05 Mar 2024, Published online: 07 May 2024

References

  • Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: Are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540465
  • Aerts, J. (2018). A review of cost estimates for flood adaptation. Water, 10(11), 1646. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10111646
  • Arctic Council. (2016). Arctic resilience report. M. Carson and G. Peterson. Eds. Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre.www.arctic-council.org/arr
  • Barnett, J., Evans, L. S., Gross, C., Kiem, A. S., Kingsford, R. T., Palutikof, J. P., Pickering, C. M., & Smithers, S. G. (2015). From barriers to limits to climate change adaptation: Path dependency and the speed of change. Ecology and Society, 20(3), 5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07698-200305
  • Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (1998). Linking sociological and ecological systems: Management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press, https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/3834100
  • Berkes, F., & Ross, H. (2013). Community resilience: Toward an integrated approach. Society & Natural Resources, 26(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.736605
  • Bertin, X., Bruneau, N., Breilh, J.-F., Fortunato, B., & Karpytchev, M. (2012). Importance of wave age and resonance in storm surges: The case Xynthia, Bay of Biscay. Ocean Modelling, 42, 16–30. ISSN 1463-5003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.11.001
  • Bhowmik, A. K. (2017, December 3–5). The missing causal link between climate extremes and social collapse. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference Consuming the Environment, The University of Gävle, Sweden. Faculty of Education and Economics, Department of Humanities, Sweden. Gävle University Press.
  • Biggs, R., Schlüter, M., Biggs, D., Bohensky, E. L., BurnSilver, S., Cundill, G., Dakos, V., Daw, T. M., Evans, L. S., Kotschy, K., Leitch, A. M., Meek, C., Quinlan, A., Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Robards, M. D., Schoon, M. L., Schultz, L., & West, P. C. (2012). Toward principles for enhancing the resilience of ecosystem services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(1), 421–448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836
  • Bloetscher, F., Heimlich, B., & Meeroff, D. E. (2011). Development of an adaptation toolbox to protect southeast Florida water supplies from climate change. Environmental Reviews, 19(NA), 397–417. https://doi.org/10.1139/a11-011
  • Brakenridge, G. R., Syvitski, J. P. M., Niebuhr, E., Overeem, I., Higgins, S. A., Kettner, A. J., & Prades, L. (2017). Design with nature: Causation and avoidance of catastrophic flooding, Myanmar. Earth-Science Reviews, 165, 81–109, ISSN 0012–8252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.009
  • Brown, K. (2014). Global environmental change I: A social turn for resilience?. Progress in Human Geography, 38(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132513498837
  • Burdick, D. M. and C. T. Roman (eds.) (2012). Salt marsh responses to tidal restriction and restoration. Tidal Marsh Restoration. Springer. 373–382.
  • Carpenter, S. (2003). Regime shifts in lake ecosystems: Pattern and variation. Excellence in Ecology, 15, i–195. https://limnology.wisc.edu/faculty/stephen-r-carpenter/regime-shifts-in-lake-ecosystems-pattern-and-variation/
  • Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., & Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: Resilience of what to what. Ecosystems (New York, NY), 4(8), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0045-9
  • Cassel, M., & Hinsberger, M. (2017). Flood partnerships: A participatory approach to develop and implement the flood risk management plans. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 10(2), 164–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfr3.12086
  • Cazenave, A., & Le Cozannet, G. (2013). Sea level rise and its coastal impacts. Earth’s Future, 2, 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013EF000188
  • Cerema. (2020). Synthèse et principales leçons de l’appel à partenaires GEMAPI. Collection: Connaissances. ISBN: 978-2-37180-494-4. Retrieved January 5, 2022. https://www.cerema.fr/fr/centre-ressources/boutique/synthese-principales-lecons-appel-partenaires-gemapi
  • CIRIA, MEDDE, USACE. (2013). The international levee handbook. C731, CIRIA, UK, London. ISBN : 978-0-86017-734-0. 1332.
  • Clark, W., & Harley, A. (2020). Sustainability science: Toward a synthesis. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev-environ-012420-043621
  • Clinton, W. J. (2006). Key propositions for building back better: Lessons learned from tsunami recovery. United Nations.
  • Conitz, F., Zingraff-Hamed, A., Lupp, G., & Pauleit, S. (2021). Non-structural flood management in European rural mountain areas—are scientists supporting implementation? Hydrology, 8(4), 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8040167
  • Constanza, R., Mitsch, W. J., & Day, J. W. (2006). A new vision for new Orleans and the Mississippi Delta: Applying ecological economics and ecological engineering. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(9), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[465:ANVFNO]2.0.CO;2
  • Cote, M., & Nightingale, A. J. (2012). Resilience thinking meets social theory: Situating social change in socio-ecological systems (SES) research. Progress in Human Geography, 36(4), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132511425708
  • Culwick, C., & Bobbins, K. (2016). A framework for a green infrastructure planning approach in the Gauteng city–region. GCRO Research Report No. 04. Gauteng City–Region Observatory (GRCO), Johannesburg, South Africa, 127 pp.
  • Davidson, J. L., Jacobson, C., Lyth, A., Dedekorkut-Howes, A., Baldwin, C. L., Ellison, J. C., Holbrook, N. J., Howes, M. J., Serrao- Neumann, S., Singh-Peterson, L., & Smith, T. F. (2016). Interrogating resilience: Toward a typology to improve its operationalization. Ecology and Society, 21(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08450-210227
  • Davoudi, S., Brooks, E., & Mehmood, A. (2013). Evolutionary resilience and strategies for climate adaptation. Planning Practice & Research, 28(3), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2013.787695
  • Day, J. W., Agboola, J., Chen, Z., D’Elia, C., Forbes, D. L., Giosan, L., Kemp, P., Kuenzer, C., Lane, R. R., Ramachandran, R., Syvitski, J., & Yañez-Arancibia, A. (2016). Approaches to defining deltaic sustainability in the 21st century. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 183, 275–291, ISSN 0272–7714. Part B. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.06.018
  • Dietrich, J. C., Bunya, S., Westerink, J. J., Ebersole, B. A., Smith, J. M., Atkinson, J. H., Jensen, R., Resio, D. T., Luettich, R. A., Dawson, C., Cardone, V. J., Cox, A. T., Powell, M. D., Westerink, H. J., & Roberts, H. J. (2010). A high-resolution coupled riverine flow, tide, wind, wind wave, and storm surge model for southern Louisiana and Mississippi. Part II: Synoptic description and analysis of hurricanes Katrina and rita. Monthly Weather Review, 138(2), 378–404. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009MWR2907.1
  • Disse, M., Johnson, T. G., Leandro, J., & Hartmann, T. (2020). Exploring the relation between flood risk management and flood resilience. Water Security, 9, 100059, ISSN 2468–3124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100059
  • Dupuits, E., Schweckendiek, T., & Kok, M. (2017). Economic optimization of coastal flood defense systems. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 159, 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2016.10.027
  • Environment Agency. (2011). Asset performance tools, report SC090038,
  • Eriksen, S., Aldunce, P., Bahinpati, C. S., Martins, R. D., Molefe, J. I., Nhemachena, C., O’Brien, K., Olorunfemi, F., Park, J., Sygna, L., & Ulsrud, K. (2011). When not every response to climate change is a good one: Identifying principles for sustainable adaptation. Climate and Development, 3(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.3763/cdev.2010.0060
  • Erkens, G., Bucx, T., Dam, R., De Lange, G., & Lambert, J. (2015). Sinking Coastal Cities. Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 372, 189–198. https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-189-2015
  • Evans, E. P., Ashley, R. M., Hall, J., Penning-Rowsell, E., Saul, A., Sayers, P., Thorne, C., & Watkinson, A. (2004a). Foresight; future flooding. In Scientific summary. Volume I: Future risks and their drivers. London: Office of Science and Technology.
  • Evans, E. P., Ashley, R. M., Hall, J., Penning-Rowsell, E., Sayers, P., Thorne, C., & Watkinson, A. (2004b). Foresight; future flooding. In Scientific summary. Volume II: Managing future risks. London: Office of Science and Technology.
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
  • Gardner, R. C., Barchiesi, S., Beltrame, C., Finlayson, C. M., Galewski, T., Harrison, I., Paganini, M., Perennou, C., Pritchard, D. E., & Rosenqvist, A., & Walpole, M. (2015). State of the World’s Wetlands and their services to people: A compilation of recent analyses. Ramsar Briefing Note no. 7. Ramsar Convention Secretariat.
  • Guében-Venière Servane. (2015), « De l’équipement à la gestion du littoral, ou comment vivre avec les aléas météo-marins aux Pays-Bas? ». Géoconfluences. http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-thematiques/risques-et-societes/articles-scientifiques/littoral-pays-bas
  • Gunderson, L. H. (2000). Ecological resilience—in theory and application. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31(1), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.425
  • Gunderson, L. H., & Holling, C. S. (2002). Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press.
  • Güneralp, B., Güneralp, I., & Liu, Y. (2015). Changing global patterns of urban exposure to flood and drought hazards. Global Environmental Change, 31, 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2015.01.002
  • Hallegatte, S., Green, C., Nicholls, R. J., & Corfee-Morlot, J. (2013). Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3(9), 802–806. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1979
  • Hamstead, Z. A., Iwaniec, D. M., McPhearson, T., Berbés-Blázquez, M., Cook, E. M., & Muñoz-Erickson, T. A., Eds. (2021). Resilient urban futures. The Urban Book Series. Springer, Cham https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_1
  • Harris, D. L. (1963). Characteristics of the hurricane storm surge. Technical Paper, United States Weather Bureau, no 48, p. 139.
  • Holling, C. S. (1996). Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. In P. C. Schulze (Ed.), Engineering within ecological constraints (pp. 31–43). Washington DC: National Academy Press.
  • Holling, C., Gunderson, L. H., & Ludwig, D. (2002). In quest of a theory of adaptive change. In L. H. Gunderson & C. Holling (Eds.), Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems (pp. 3–24). Island Press.
  • Hurlimann, A., Barnett, J., Fincher, R., Osbaldiston, N., Mortreux, C., & Graham, S. (2014). Urban planning and sustainable adaptation to sea-level rise. Landscape and Urban Planning, 126, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.013
  • Igigabel, M., Diab, Y., & Yates, M. (2021). Exploring methodological approaches for strengthening the resilience of coastal flood protection system. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9, 756936. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.756936
  • Igigabel, M., Nédélec, Y., Bérenger, N., Flouest, N., Bernard, A., Chassé, P., & Tiberi‐Wadier, A.‐L. (2022). Guidelines for analysing coastal flood protection systems after a submersion. Water, 14(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14010015
  • ImdR. (2018). 21e congrès de maîtrise des risques et de sûreté de fonctionnement. Communication 3B/6. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02065309/document
  • Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. (2012). Tsunami, the great waves (2nd Revised ed.). UNESCO. 16 pp., illus. IOC Brochure 2012-4.
  • IPCC. (2019). IPCC special report on the Ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. In Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D. C., Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Tignor, M., Poloczanska, E., Mintenbeck, K., Alegría, A., Nicolai, M., Okem, A., Petzold, J., Rama, B., N. Weyer (Eds.) (pp. 765).
  • Klein, R. J. T., Midgley, G. F., Preston, B. L., Alam, M., Berkhout, F. G., Dow, K., Li, Y.E., Mateescu, E., Shaw, M.R., Botzen, W., & Thomas, A. (2014). Adaptation opportunities, constraints, and limits. In Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R. and White, L. L. (eds.), Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (pp. 899–943). Cambridge University Press:
  • Klijn, F., Kreibich, H., de Moel, H., & Penning-Rowsell, E. (2015). Adaptive flood risk management planning based on a comprehensive flood risk conceptualisation. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20(6), 845–864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-015-9638-z
  • Krob, D. (2008). Éléments d’architecture des systèmes complexes. http://www.afscet.asso.fr/msc/textes-2009/Krob-elements-archisys.pdf
  • Lhomme, S., Serre, D., Diab, Y., & Laganier, R. (2013). Analyzing resilience of urban networks: a preliminary step towards more flood resilient cities. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13, 221–230. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-221-2013.
  • Luijendijk, A., Hagenaars, G., Ranasinghe, R., Baart, F., Donchyts, G., & Aarninkhof, S. (2018). The state of the World’s beaches. Nature Scientific Report, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24630-6
  • Margaritondo, G. (2005). Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics students. European Journal of Physics, 26(3), 401. https://doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/26/3/007
  • Marijnissen Richard, J. C., Kok, M., Kroeze, C., & van Loon-Steensma, J. M. (2021). Flood risk reduction by parallel flood defences – case-study of a coastal multifunctional flood protection zone. Coastal Engineering, 167, 103903. ISSN 0378-3839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103903
  • Markolf, S. A., Chester, M. V., Eisenberg, D. A., Iwaniec, D. M., Davidson, C. I., & Zimmerman, R., et al. (2018). Interdependent infrastructure as linked social, ecological, and technological systems (SETSs) to address lock-in and enhance resilience. Earth’s Future, 6, 1638–1659. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000926
  • Masselink, G., Castelle, B., Scott, T., Dodet, G., Suanez, S., Jackson, D., & Floc’h, F. (2016). Extreme wave activity during 2013/2014 winter and morphological impacts along the Atlantic coast of Europe. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(5), 2135–2143. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067492
  • McCook, L. J., Ayling, T., Cappo, M., Choat, J. H., Evans, R. D., De Freitas, D. M., Heupel, M., Hughes, T. P., Jones, G. P., Mapstone, B., Marsh, H., Mills, M., Molloy, F. J., Pitcher, C. R., Pressey, R. L., Russ, G. R., Sutton, S., Sweatman, H. … Wachenfeld, D. R. (2010). Adaptive management of the great barrier reef: A globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(43), 18278–18285. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909335107
  • McCrory, G., & Veeckman, C. (2017). D1.1 FloodCitiSense conceptual and methodological framework. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22323.32801.
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: a review. Landscape Urban Plann, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Biodiversity synthesis. World Resources Institute.
  • Millennium Ecosystems Assessment. (2003). Ecosystems and human well-being: A framework for assessment. Island Press.
  • Moberg, F., & Galaz, V. (2005). Resilience: Going from conventional to adaptive freshwater management for human and ecosystem compatibility. Swedish Water House Policy Brief, 3, 12, Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm. https://www.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/Moberg-2005-Resilience.pdf.
  • Muis, S., Verlaan, M., Winsemius, H. C., Aerts, J., & Ward, P. J. (2016). A global reanalysis of storm surges and extreme sea levels. Nature Communications, 7(1), 11969. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11969
  • Mumby, P. J., & Hastings, A. (2008). The impact of ecosystem connectivity on coral reef resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(3), 854–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01459.x
  • Nash, K. L., Allen, C. R., Angeler, D. G., Barichievy, C., Eason, T., Garmestani, A. S., Graham, N. A. J., Granholm, D., Knutson, M., Nelson, R. J., Nyström, M., Stow, C. A., & Sundstrom, S. M. (2014). Discontinuities, cross-scale patterns, and the organization of ecosystems. Ecology, 95(3), 654–667. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1315.1
  • Neumann, B., Vafeidis, A. T., Zimmermann, J., Nicholls, R. J., & Kumar, L. (2015). Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding – A Global Assessment. PLoS One, 10(3), e0118571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571
  • Olsson, P., Folke, C., & Berkes, F. (2004). Adaptive Comanagement for Building Resilience in Social–Ecological Systems. Environmental Management, 34(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-0101-7
  • Peduzzi, P. (2014). Sand, rarer than one thinks. Environmental Development, 11, 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2014.04.001
  • Perherin, C. (2017). La concertation lors de la cartographie des aléas littoraux dans les Plans de Prévention des Risques : enjeu majeur de prévention. Géographie. Université de Bretagne occidentale – Brest. Français.
  • Pickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., & Grove, J. M. (2004). Resilient cities: Meaning, models, and metaphor for integrating the ecological, socio-economic, and planning realms. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(4), 369–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.035
  • Pike, A., Dawley, S., & Tomaney, J. (2010). Resilience, adaptation and adaptability. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq001
  • Pontee, N. (2013). Defining coastal squeeze: A discussion. Ocean and Coastal Management, 84, 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.07.010
  • Pycroft, J., Abrell, J., & Ciscar, J.-C. (2016). The global impacts of extreme sea-level rise: A comprehensive economic assessment. Environmental and Resource Economics, 64(2), 225–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-014-9866-9
  • Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Peterson, G. D., & Bennett, E. M. (2010). Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(11), 5242–5247. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907284107
  • Renaud, F. G., Syvitski, J. P., Sebesvari, Z., Werners, S. E., Kremer, H., Kuenzer, C., Ramesh, R., Jeuken, A., & Friedrich, J. (2013). Tipping from the holocene to the anthropocene: How threatened are major world deltas? Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(6), 644–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.007
  • The Rockefeller Foundation. (2015). City resilience index. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/CRI-Revised-Booklet1.pdf
  • Rodina, L. (2018). Defining “water resilience”: Debates, concepts, approaches, and gaps. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 6(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1334
  • Rovere, A., Stocchi, P., & Vacchi, M. (2016). Eustatic and relative sea level changes. Current Climate Change Reports, 2(4), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-016-0045-7
  • Ruggiero, P., Buijsman, M., Kaminsky, G., & Gelfenbaum, G. (2010). Modeling the effects of wave climate and sediment supply variability on large-scale shoreline change. Marine Geology, 273(1–4), 127–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.02.008
  • Ruitenbeek, J., & Cartier, C. (2001). The invisible wand: Adaptive co-management as an emergent strategy in complex bio-economic systems. Occasional Paper Number 34. CIFOR, Bogor. https://core.ac.uk/display/132638335
  • Sayers, P. B. (2017). Evolution of strategic flood risk management in support of Social Justice, Ecosystem Health, and resilience. Published by Oxford Research Encyclopedia: Natural Hazard Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.85
  • Sayers, P., Gersonius, B., den Heijer, F., Klerk, W. J., Fröhle, P., Jordan, P., Ciocan, U. R., Rijke, J., Vonk, B., & Ashley, R. (2021). Towards adaptive asset management in flood risk management: A policy framework. Journal of Water Security, 12, 100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2021.100085
  • Sayers, P. B., Hall, J. W., & Meadowcroft, I. C. (2002). Towards risk-based flood hazard management in the UK. Civil Engineering, 150(5), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1680/cien.150.5.36.38631
  • Sayers, P., Moss, C., Carr, S., & Payo, A. (2022, June 15). Responding to climate change around England’s coast - the scale of the transformational challenge. Journal of Ocean & Coastal Management, 225, 106187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106187
  • Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J. A., Folke, C., & Walker, B. (2001). Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature, 413(6856), 591–596. https://doi.org/10.1038/35098000
  • Schleussner, C.-F., Donges, J. F., Donner, R. V., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2016). Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(33), 9216–9221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601611113
  • Stafford-Smith, M., Horrocks, L., Harvey, A., & Hamilton, C. (2011). Rethinking adaptation for a 4°C world. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369(1934), 196–216. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0277
  • Syvitski, J. P. M. (2008). Deltas at risk. Sustainability Science, 3(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-008-0043-3
  • Syvitski, J. P. M., Kettner, A. J., Overeem, I., Hutton, E. W. H., Hannon, M. T., Brakenridge, G. R., Day, J., Vörösmarty, C., Saito, Y., Giosan, L., & Nicholls, R. J. (2009). Sinking deltas due to human activities. Nature Geoscience, 2(10), 681. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo629
  • Syvitski, J. P. M., & Yoshiki, S. (2007). Morphodynamics of deltas under the influence of humans. Global and Planetary Change, 57(3–4), 261–282. ISSN 0921-8181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.12.001
  • Thieken, A. (2004). Flood risk reduction in Germany: Lessons learned from the 2002 disaster in the Elbe Region. Summary of the study; Grünewald, U., Kaltofen, M., Schümberg, S., Merz, B., Kreibich, H., Streitz, W., Dombrowsky, W. R., D. K. für Katastrophenvorsorge (Ed.), Schriftenreihe des DKKV (pp. 152). Deutsches Komitee für Katastrophenvorsorge e.V.
  • Thomas, J., Eisenberg, D., Seager, T., & Fisher, E. (2019). A resilience engineering approach to integrating human and socio-technical system capacities and processes for national infrastructure resilience. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 16(2), 20170019. https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2017-0019
  • Thrush, S. F., Hewitt, J. E., Dayton, P. K., Coco, G., Lohrer, A. M., Norkko, A., Norkko, J., & Chiantore, M. (2009). Forecasting the limits of resilience: Integrating empirical research with theory. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 276(1671), 3209–3217. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0661
  • Tiggeloven, T., de Moel, H., Winsemius, H. C., Eilander, D., Erkens, G., Gebremedhin, E., Diaz Loaiza, A., Kuzma, S., Luo, T., Iceland, C., Bouwman, A., van Huijstee, J., Ligtvoet, W., & Ward, P. J. (2020). Global-scale benefit–cost analysis of coastal flood adaptation to different flood risk drivers using structural measures. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 20(4), 1025–1044. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-1025-2020
  • Torres, A., Brandt, J., Lear, K., & Liu, J. (2017). A looming tragedy of the sand commons. Science, 357(6355), 970–971. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao0503
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [US EPA]. (2020). What Is Green Infrastructure? Overviews and Factsheets. US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/greeninfrastructure/whatgreen-infrastructure
  • Varsoliwala, A. C., & Singh, T. R. (2021). Mathematical modeling of tsunami wave propagation at mid ocean and its amplification and run-up on shore. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, 6(4), 367–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joes.2021.03.003
  • Vitale, C., Meijerink, S., Domenico, M. F., & Ache, P. (2020). Urban flood resilience, a discursive-institutional analysis of planning practices in the Metropolitan City of Milan. Land Use Policy, 95, 104575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104575 ISSN 0264-8377.
  • Vitousek, S., Barnard, P. L., Fletcher, C. H., Frazer, N., Erikson, L., & Storlazzi, C. D. (2017). Doubling of coastal flooding frequency within decades due to sea level rise. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01362-7
  • Vousdoukas, M. I., Mentaschi, L., Voukouvalas, E., Verlaan, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jackson, L. P., & Feyen, L. (2018). Global probabilistic projections of extreme sea levels show intensification of coastal flood hazard. Nature Communications, 9(1), 2360. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04692-w
  • Vuik, V., Borsje, B. W., Willemsen, P. W. J. M., & Jonkman, S. N. (2019). Salt marshes for flood risk reduction: Quantifying long-term effectiveness and life-cycle costs. Ocean & Coastal Management, 171, 96–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.01.010
  • Vuik, V., van Vuren, S., Borsje, B. W., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., & Jonkman, S. N. (2018). Assessing safety of nature-based flood defenses: Dealing with extremes and uncertainties. Coastal Engineering, 139, 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.05.002
  • Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2), 5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00650-090205
  • Welch, A., Nicholls, R., Lázár, A., Chadwick, O., & Overeem, I. (2017). Evolving deltas: Coevolution with engineered interventions. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 5(49), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.128
  • Wied, M., Oehmen, J., & Welo, T. (2019). Conceptualizing resilience in engineering systems: An analysis of the literature. Systems Engineering, 23(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.21491
  • Wong, P. P., Losada, I. J., Gattuso, J. P., Hinkel, J., Khattabi, A., McInnes, K. L., Saito, Y., Sallenger, A. (2014). Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In Barros, V. R., Field, C. B., Dokken, D. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., White, L. L. (Eds.), In Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel of climate change (pp. 361–409). Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zevenbergen, C., Veerbeek, W., Gersonius, B., & Van Herk, S. (2008). Challenges in urban flood management: Travelling across spatial and temporal scales. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 1(2), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-318X.2008.00010.x
  • Zhu, X., Linham, M. M., & Nicholls, R. J. (2010). Technologies for climate change adaptation: Coastal erosion and flooding. In TNA guidebook seriesDanmarks Tekniske Universitet, Risø Nationallaboratoriet for Bæredygtig EnergiRetrieved August 12, 2021. http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/5699563/Technologies%20for%20Climate%20Change%20Adaptation-Coastal%20Erosion%20and%20Flooding.pdf]