References
- Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–88.
- Andersen, L. H., & Tranæs, T. (2015). Er ikke-vestlige indvandrere og efterkommere mere kriminelle end danskere? [Are non-Western immigrants and descendants more criminal than Danes?]. In B. Jensen, D. Tamm, & T. Tranæs (Eds.), Forbrydelse, straf og afsoning i Danmark(pp. 64–78). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
- Andersen, L. H., & Tranæs, T. (2011). Etniske minoriteters overrepræsentation i strafferetlige domme [Ethnic minorities’ overrepresentation in criminal convictions] (Working paper 23). Retrieved from https://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/publikationer/etniske-minoriteters-overrepraesentation-i-strafferetlige-domme/
- Andersen, P. L., & Bakken, A. (2015). Ung i Oslo 2015 KoRus Oslo website. Retrieved from https://www.korusoslo.no/wp-content/uploads/Nettutgave-Ung-i-Oslo-Rapport-8-15-26-august.pdf
- Andersson, L. (2011). Mått på brott: Självdeklaration som metod att mäta brottslighet (Stockholm University). Retrieved from http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:440814/FULLTEXT02.pdf
- Ansala, L., Hämäläinen, U., & Sarvimäki, M. (2016). Slipping through the Cracks of a Welfare State: Children of Immigrants in Finland. VATT Institute for Economic Research. Retrieved from https://vatt.fi/slipping-through-the-cracks-of-a-welfare-state-children-of-immigrants-in-finland
- Balvig, F. (2006). Den ungdom! Om den stadigt mere omsiggribende lovlydighed blandt unge i Danmark [Youth nowadays! About the increasing youth law-abidingness in Denmark] The Danish Crime Prevention Council website. Retrieved from https://www.dkr.dk/media/8234/den-ungdom.pdf
- Balvig, F. (2011). Lovlydig Ungdom [Law-abiding Youth]. Copenhagen: The Danish Crime Prevention Council.
- Beckley, A. L. (2013). Correlates of war? Towards an understanding of nativity-based variation in immigrant offending. European Journal of Criminology, 10(4), 408–423.
- Beckley, A. L. (2015). Age at immigration and crime in Stockholm using sibling comparisons. Social Science Research, 53, 239–251.
- Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2002). Model selection and multimodel inference: A practical information-theoretic approach. New York, NY: Springer.
- Dahlbäck, O. (2009). Diskrimineras invandrarna i anmälningar av brott? [Are immigrants discriminated against in the reporting of crime?] Stockholm University website. Retrieved from http://www.sociology.su.se/polopoly_fs/1.18650.1320939631!/rapport.pdf
- Engellau, P. (2019). Invandrare och brott: Ett 30‐årigt perspektiv. Retrieved from https://detgodasamhalletdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/rapport-om-invandring-och-brottslighet.pdf
- Evensen, Ø. (2009). Ikke-vestlig minoritetsungdom og kriminalitet. Tidsskrift for Ungdomsforskning, 9(2), 63–89. Retrieved from https://journals.hioa.no/index.php/ungdomsforskning/article/download/1054/921
- Finstad, L. (2000). Politiblikket. Oslo: Pax.
- Gabrielsen, G., & Kramp, P. (2009). Forensic psychiatric patients among immigrants in Denmark – Diagnoses and criminality. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 63(2), 140–147.
- Gabrielsen, N. (2007). Ungdomsundersøgelsen 2006. Undersøgelse af selvrapporteret kriminalitet blandt elever i 7.-9. klasse i hovedstadsområdet [Youth Survey 2006 – A study of self-reported crime in grade 7 to 9 in Copenhagen]. Copenhagen: Ministry of Justice, Denmark.
- Gundersen, F., Haslund, U., Hustad, A. E., & Stene, R. J. (2000). Innvandrere og nordmenn som offer og gjerningsmenn. Retrieved from. Statistics Norway website https://www.ssb.no/a/publikasjoner/pdf/rapp_200018/rapp_200018.pdf
- Hällsten, M., Szulkin, R., & Sarnecki, J. (2013). Crime as a price of inequality?: The gap in registered crime between childhood immigrants, children of immigrants and children of native Swedes. British Journal of Criminology, 53(3), 456–481.
- Holmberg, L. (2000). Discretionary leniency and typological guilt: Results from a Danish study of police discretion. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 1(2), 179–194.
- Holmberg, L., & Kyvsgaard, B. (2003). Are immigrants and their descendants discriminated against in the Danish criminal justice system? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 4(2), 125–142.
- Jennings, W. G., Piquero, A. R., & Reingle, J. M. (2012). On the overlap between victimization and offending: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 16–26.
- Junger-Tas, J., & Marshall, I. H., Enzmann, D., Killias, M., Steketee, M., & Gruszczynska, B. (2010). Juvenile Delinquency in Europe and Beyond: Results of the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study. New York: Springer.
- Junger-Tas, J., Terlouw, G.-J., & Klein, M. W. (1994). Delinquent behavior among young people in the Western World. Amsterdam: Kugler.
- Kardell, J. (2006). Diskriminering av personer med utländsk bakgrund i rättsväsendet - en kvantitativ analys. In J. Sarnecki (Ed.), Är rättvisan rättvis? Tio perspektiv på diskriminering av etniska och religiösa minoriteter inom rättssystemet [Is justice fair? Ten perspectives on discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities in the legal system] (pp. 67–110). Stockholm: Ministry of Justice, Sweden.
- Kardell, J. (2011). Utländsk bakgrund och registrerad brottslighet (Doctoral dissertation). Digital Science Archvie. Retrieved from http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:450990/FULLTEXT01.pdf
- Kardell, J., & Carlsson, K. (2009). Lagföringar Av Invandrare Och Invandrarares Barn I De Nordiska Länderna. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, 96(3), 237–261. Retrieved from https://tidsskrift.dk/NTfK/article/view/71748/103709
- Kyvsgaard, B. (2017a). Knowledge on crime among immigrants and their descendants in Denmark. Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology 59th Research Seminar (pp. 32–36). Helsinki: Ministry of Justice, Finland.
- Kyvsgaard, B. (2017b). Gerningsmænd og gerningssituationer i sager om voldtægt og andre seksualforbrydelser [Offenders and situations in cases of rape and other sexual crimes]. Copenhagen: Ministry of Justice, Denmark.
- Lehti, M., Salmi, V., Aaltonen, M., Danielsson, P., Hinkkanen, V., Niemi, H., … Suonpää, K. (2014). Maahanmuuttajat rikosten uhreina ja tekijo [Immigrants as crime victims and offenders in Finland, register-based analysis] University of Helsinki website. Retrieved from https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/152441/265_Lehti_ym_2014.pdf
- Liversage, A., & Christensen, C. P. (2017). Etniske Minoritetsunge i Danmark - En undersøgelse af årgang 1995 [Ethnic minority youth in Denmark - A study of the 1995 cohort]. The Danish Center for Social Science Research. Retrieved from https://pure.sfi.dk/ws/files/748159/1708_Etniske_minoritetsunge_i_Danmark.pdf
- Moffitt, T. E. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701.
- Mosher, C. J., Miethe, T. D., & Hart, T. C. (2011). The Mismeasure of Crime. Los Angeles: Sage.
- Nielsen, T. R., Klement, C., Qvotrup, S., & Vitus, K. (2019a). Kriminalitet og etniske minoriteter - Del I - en kortlægning af empiriske mønstre. Retrieved from https://www.dkr.dk/materialer/kriminalitet-og-forebyggelse/kriminalitet-og-etniske-minoriteter-del-i/
- Nielsen, T. R., Qvotrup, S., & Vitus, K. (2019b). Kriminalitet og etniske minoriteter - Del III Et bud på forebyggelsesmæssige indsatser The Danish Crime Prevention Council website. Retrieved from https://www.dkr.dk/media/13564/kriminalitet-og-etniske-minoriteter-del-iii.pdf
- Øia, T. (2005). Innvandrerungdom - Integrasjon og Marginalisering The Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs website. Retrieved from https://www.bufdir.no/nn/Bibliotek/Dokumentside/?docId=07014558x
- Øia, T. (2007). Ung I Oslo. Levekår Og Sosiale Forskjeller The Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs website. Retrieved from https://www.bufdir.no/nn/bibliotek/dokumentside/?docid=070325561
- Øia, T. (2012). Ung i Oslo 2012. Nøkkeltall. Retrieved from http://www.hioa.no/Om-OsloMet/Senter-for-velferds-og-arbeidslivsforskning/NOVA/Publikasjonar/Notat/2012/Ung-i-Oslo-2012
- Ottosen, M. H., Andersen, D., Dahl, K. M., Hansen, A. T., Lausten, M., & Østergaard, S. V. (2014). Børn og unge i Danmark - Velfærd og Trivels 2014 [Children and Youth in Denmark - Welfare and Well-being 2014]. The Danish Center for Social Science Research. Retrieved from https://pure.sfi.dk/ws/files/209173/1430_Boern_og_unge.pdf
- Ousey, G. C., & Kubrin, C. E. (2018). Immigration and crime: Assessing a contentious issue. Annual Review of Criminology, 1(1), 63–84.
- Papadopoulos, G. (2010). Property crime and immigration in England and wales evidence from the offending, crime and justice survey. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.613.1036&rep=rep1&type=pdf
- Pedersen, A.-J. B., & Jørgensen, T. T. (2017). Ungdomskriminalitet – De mest kriminelle [Youth Crime – The most criminal active]. Copenhagen: Ministry of Justice, Denmark.
- Pedersen, M. L. (2014). Gang joining in Denmark: Prevalence and correlates of street gang membership. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 15(1), 55–72.
- Pedersen, M. L., & Lindstad, J. M. (2011). Første led i fødekæden? En undersøgelse af børn og unge i kriminelle grupper [First Part of the Gang Food Chain? A study of children and adolescents in criminal groups]. Copenhagen: Ministry of Justice, Denmark.
- Piquero, A. R., Schubert, C. A., & Brame, R. (2014). Comparing official and self-report records of offending across gender and race/ethnicity in a longitudinal study of serious youthful offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(4), 526–556.
- Potter, H. (2013). Intersectional criminology: Interrogating identity and power in criminological research and theory. Critical Criminology, 21(3), 305–318.
- Qvist, H-P. Y., & Skjøtt-Larsen, J. (2019) Intersektionalitet og kvantitative metoder: Regressionsbaserede og eksplorative tilgange. Dansk Sociologi, 30(2), 35–55.
- Qvotrup, S., Klement, C., Nielsen, T. R., & Vitus, K. (2019). Kriminalitet og etniske minoriteter - Del II En kortlægning af årsagsforklaringer. Retrieved from https://www.dkr.dk/media/13563/kriminalitet-og-etniske-minoriteter-del-ii.pdf
- Salmi, V., Kivivuori, J., & Aaltonen, M. (2015). Correlates of immigrant youth crime in Finland. European Journal of Criminology, 12(6), 681–699.
- Shannon, D. (2006). Diskriminering av ungdomar intagna på särskilda ungdomshem‘ [’Discrimination of young inmates at special youth homes’]. In J. Sarnecki (Ed.), Är rättvisan rättvis? Tio perspektiv på diskriminering av etniska och religösa minoriteter inom rättsväsendet [Is justice fair? Ten perspectives on discrimination against ethnic and religious minorities in the legal system] (pp. 225–256). Stockholm: Ministry of Justice, Sweden.
- Skardhamar, T. (2016). Innvandrere og kriminalitet –En litteraturgjennomgang. Retrieved from https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/2fa4635ae7b54a4aaab4d62cfa5bb2b5/innvandrere-og-kriminalitet—en-litteraturgjennomgang.pdf
- Skardhamar, T., Aaltonen, M., & Lehti, M. (2014). Immigrant crime in Norway and Finland. Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 15(2), 107–127.
- Skardhamar, T., Thorsen, L., & Henriksen, K. (2011). Kriminalitet og straff blant innvandrere og øvrig befolkning: Korrigert versjon 12. 09.11(Report 21/2011). Retrieved from https://www.ssb.no/a/publikasjoner/pdf/rapp_201121/rapp_201121.pdf
- Solhjell, R., Saarikkomäki, E., Haller, M. B., Wästerfors, D., & Kolind, T. (2018). “We are seen as a threat”: Police stops of young ethnic minorities in the Nordic Countries. Critical Criminology, 27(2), 347–361.
- Sollund, R. (2006). Racialisation in police stop and search practice – The Norwegian case. Critical Criminology, 14(3), 265–292.
- Sollund, R. (2007). Canteen banter or racism: Is there a relationship between Oslo police’s use of derogatory terms and their attitudes and conduct towards ethnic minorities? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 8(1), 77–96.
- Sorensen, D. W. M., & Gabrielsen, N. (2010). Denmark. In J. Junger-Tas, I. H. Marshall, D. Enzmann, M. Killias, M. Steketee, & B. Gruszczynska (Eds.), Juvenile delinquency in Europe and beyond: An international perspective on key issues and causes (pp. 191–202). New York, NY: Springer.
- Statistics Denmark. (2017). Indvandrere i Danmark 2017 [Immigrants in Denmark 2017]. Retrieved from https://www.dst.dk/Site/Dst/Udgivelser/GetPubFile.aspx?id=20705&sid=indv2017
- Statistics Denmark. (2018). IE_TYPE. Retrieved from https://www.dst.dk/da/TilSalg/Forskningsservice/Dokumentation/hoejkvalitetsvariable/udlaendinge/ie-type
- Stevens, H. (2005). Kriminalitet og uddannelsesforløb [Crime and Education]. Retrieved from http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/sites/default/files/media/Arbejdsomraader/Forskning/Forskningsrapporter/2005/kriminalitet_og_uddannelsesforloeb.pdf
- Tranæs, T. (2008). Hvem begår tyverierne i Danmark? [Who commits theft in Denmark?]. In T. Tranæs & L. P. Geerdsen (Eds.), Forbryderen og samfundet: Livsvilkår og uformel straf (pp. 57–66). Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
- Webb, R. T., Antonsen, S., Mok, P. L. H., Agerbo, E., & Pedersen, C. B. (2015). National Cohort Study of Suicidality and Violent Criminality among Danish Immigrants. PLoS One, 10, e0131915.
- Weerman, F. M., Maxson, C. L., Esbensen, F.-A., Aldridge, J., Medina, J., & van Gemert, F. . (2009). Eurogang program manual: Background, development, and use of the Eurogang instruments in multi-site, multi-method comparative research. Retrievede from https://www.umsl.edu/ccj/Eurogang/EurogangManual.pdf
- Wellendorf, R., & Cakmak, M. (2007). Gadedrenge - Yngre etniske drenge i gadebilledet og deres møder med politi og borgere The Danish Ministry of Justice. Retrieved from http://www.justitsministeriet.dk/sites/default/files/media/Arbejdsomraader/Forskning/Forskningspuljen/2011/2007/gadedrenge2B.pdf