424
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The time-lagged impact of microaggressions at work on the emotional exhaustion of transgender and gender diverse employees

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Adams, N., Hitomi, M., & Moody, C. (2017). Varied reports of adult transgender suicidality: Synthesizing and describing the peer-reviewed and gray literature. Transgender Health, 2(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0036
  • Anasori, E., Bayighomog, S. W., & Tanova, C. (2020). Workplace bullying, psychological distress, resilience, mindfulness, and emotional exhaustion. Service Industries Journal, 40(1–2), 65–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1589456
  • Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  • Barclay, J. M., & Scott, L. J. (2006). Transsexuals and workplace diversity: A case of “change” management. Personnel Review, 35(4), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480610670625
  • Bartlett, J. E., & Bartlett, M. E. (2011). Workplace bullying: An integrative literature review. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 13(1), 69–84. In (Issue https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422311410651
  • Beauregard, T. A., Arevshatian, L., Booth, J. E., & Whittle, S. (2018). Listen carefully: Transgender voices in the workplace. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(5), 857–884. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1234503
  • Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Dolezal, C., Robinson, B. B. E., Rosser, B. R. S., & Coleman, E. (2020). The Transgender Identity Survey: A Measure of Internalized Transphobia. LGBT Health, 7(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0265
  • Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., & Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 943–951. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301241
  • Bozani, V., Drydakis, N., Sidiropoulou, K., Harvey, B., & Paraskevopoulou, A. (2020). Workplace positive actions, trans people’s self-esteem and human resources’ evaluations. International Journal of Manpower, 41(6), 809–831. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-03-2019-0153
  • Brewster, M. E., Mennicke, A., Velez, B. L., & Tebbe, E. (2014). Voices From Beyond: A Thematic Content Analysis of Transgender Employees’ Workplace Experiences. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000030
  • Brooks, V. R. (1981). Minority Stress and Lesbian Women. Lexington Books.
  • Cancela, D., Hulsheger, U. R., & Stutterheim, S. E. (2022). The role of support for transgender and nonbinary employees: Perceived co-worker and organizational support’s associations with job attitudes and work behavior. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 9(1), 49–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000453
  • Cancela, D., Stutterheim, S. E., & Uitdewilligen, S. (2024). The Workplace Experiences of Transgender and Gender Diverse Employees: A Systematic Literature Review Using the Minority Stress Model. Journal of Homosexuality. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2024.2304053
  • Chang, C. J., Feinstein, B. A., Meanley, S., Flores, D. D., & Watson, R. J. (2021). The Role of LGBTQ Identity Pride in the Associations among Discrimination, Social Support, and Depression in a Sample of LGBTQ Adolescents. Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health, 2(3), 203–219. https://doi.org/10.1891/LGBTQ-2021-0020
  • Chisholm, L. P., Jackson, K. R., Davidson, H. A., Churchwell, A. L., Fleming, A. E., & Drolet, B. C. (2021). Evaluation of Racial Microaggressions Experienced During Medical School Training and the Effect on Medical Student Education and Burnout: A Validation Study. Journal of the National Medical Association, 113(3), 310–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnma.2020.11.009
  • Collins, J. C., McFadden, C., Rocco, T. S., & Mathis, M. K. (2015). The Problem of Transgender Marginalization and Exclusion: Critical Actions for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Review, 14(2), 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484315581755
  • Costa, P. L., McDuffie, J. W., Brown, S. E. V., He, Y., Ikner, B. N., Sabat, I. E., & Miner, K. N. (2023). Microaggressions: Mega problems or micro issues? A meta-analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 51(1), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22885
  • Crane, M. F., Louis, W. R., Phillips, J. K., Amiot, C. E., & Steffens, N. K. (2018). Identity centrality moderates the relationship between acceptance of group-based stressors and well-being. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(6), 866–882. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2367
  • Davis, D. (2009). Transgender issues in the workplace: HRD’s newest challenge/opportunity. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422308329189
  • Diamond, L. M., & Alley, J. (2022). Rethinking minority stress: A social safety perspective on the health effects of stigma in sexually-diverse and gender-diverse populations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 138, 104720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104720
  • Dispenza, F., Watson, L. B., Chung, Y. B., & Brack, G. (2012). Experience of Career-Related Discrimination for Female-to-Male Transgender Persons: A Qualitative Study. The Career Development Quarterly, 60(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2012.00006.x
  • Dormann, C., & Griffin, M. A. (2015). Optimal time lags in panel studies. Psychological Methods, 20(4), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000041
  • Dunlap, S. L., Holloway, I. W., Pickering, C. E., Tzen, M., Goldbach, J. T., & Castro, C. A. (2021). Support for Transgender Military Service from Active Duty United States Military Personnel. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: Journal of NSRC: SR & SP, 18(1), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00437-x
  • Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The qualitative content analysis process. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 62(1), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04569.x
  • Fletcher, L., & Marvell, R. (2023). Furthering transgender inclusion in the workplace: Advancing a new model of allyship intentions and perceptions. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(9), 1726–1756. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2021.2023895
  • Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., & Barron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 115–134. In(Issue https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.1.115
  • Galupo, M. P., Henise, S. B., & Davis, K. S. (2014). Transgender Microaggressions in the context of friendship: Patterns of experience across friends’ sexual orientation and gender identity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 461–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000075
  • Galupo, M. P., & Resnick, C. A. (2016). Experiences of LGBT microaggressions in the workplace: Implications for policy. In Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity (pp. 271–287). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29623-4_16
  • García, G. M., Desrumaux, P., Ayala Calvo, J. C., & Naouële, B. (2022). The impact of social support on emotional exhaustion and workplace bullying in social workers. European Journal of Social Work, 25(5), 752–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2021.1934417
  • Greszki, R., Meyer, M., & Schoen, H. (2015). Exploring the Effects of Removing “Too Fast” Responses and Respondents from Web Survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 79(2), 471–503. https://doi.org/10.1093/noo/nfil058
  • Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: A meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1134–1145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1134
  • Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  • Hinton, J. D. X., de la Piedad Garcia, X., Kaufmann, L. M., Koc, Y., & Anderson, J. R. (2022). A Systematic and Meta-Analytic Review of Identity Centrality among LGBTQ Groups: An Assessment of Psychosocial Correlates. Journal of Sex Research, 59(5), 568–586. In(Issue Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1967849
  • Holman, E. G. (2018). Theoretical extensions of minority stress theory for sexual minority individuals in the workplace: a cross-contextual understanding of minority stress processes. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12246
  • Huffman, A. H., Mills, M. J., Howes, S. S., & Albritton, M. D. (2021). Workplace support and affirming behaviors: Moving toward a transgender, gender diverse, and non-binary friendly workplace. International Journal of Transgender Health, 22(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1861575
  • Human Rights Campaign Foundation (2023). Corporate Equality Index 2023-2024. https://www.hrc.org/resources/corporate-equality-index
  • Jones, J. (2013). Trans dressing in the workplace. Equality, Diversity & Inclusion, 32(5), 503–514. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-02-2013-0007
  • King, D. D., Fattoracci, E. S. M., Hollingsworth, D. W., Stahr, E., & Nelson, M. (2022). When Thriving Requires Effortful Surviving: Delineating Manifestations and Resource Expenditure Outcomes of Microaggressions for Black Employees. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(2), 183–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001016
  • Kleintop, L. A. (2019). When transgender employees come out: perceived support and cultural change in the transition process. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2019(1), 15868. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2019.15868abstract
  • Law, C. L., Martinez, L. R., Ruggs, E. N., Hebl, M. R., & Akers, E. (2011). Trans-parency in the workplace: How the experiences of transsexual employees can be improved. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 710–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.018
  • Lefebvre, D. C., & Domene, J. F. (2023). Workplace Experiences of Transgender Individuals: A Scoping Review. Asia Pacific Career Development Journal, 6(1), 40–67. http://AsiaPacificCDA.org/Resources/APCDJ/A0006_1_04.pdf
  • Leppel, K. (2021). Transgender Men and Women in 2015: Employed, Unemployed, or Not in the Labor Force. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(2), 203–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1648081
  • Malik, N. A., & Björkqvist, K. (2019). Workplace bullying and occupational stress among university teachers: Mediating and moderating factors. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v15i2.1611
  • Maslach, C. (1998). A Multidimensional Theory of Burnout. In C. Cooper (Ed.), Theories of Organizational Stress (pp. 68–85). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198522799.003.0004
  • Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2, 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
  • Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, Social Stress, and Mental Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: Conceptual Issues and Research Evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the Study of Minority Stress and Health of Sexual and Gender Minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000132
  • Nadal, K. L., Davidoff, K. C., Davis, L. S., & Wong, Y. (2014). Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions to microaggressions: transgender perspectives. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(1), 72–81. In(Issue American Psychological Association Inc. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000011
  • Nadal, K. L., Griffin, K. E., Wong, Y., Hamit, S., & Rasmus, M. (2014). The impact of racial microaggressions on mental health: Counseling implications for clients of color. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00130.x
  • Nadal, K. L., Issa, M. A., Leon, J., Meterko, V., Wideman, M., & Wong, Y. (2011). Sexual orientation microaggressions: “Death by a thousand cuts” for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of LGBT Youth, 8(3), 234–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2011.584204
  • Nadal, K. L., Skolnik, A., & Wong, Y. (2012). Interpersonal and systemic microaggressions toward transgender people: Implications for counseling. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 6(1), 55–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2012.648583
  • Nadal, K. L., Whitman, C. N., Davis, L. S., Erazo, T., & Davidoff, K. C. (2016). Microaggressions toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and genderqueer people: a review of the literature. Journal of Sex Research, 53(4-5), 488–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1142495
  • Neto, M., Ferreira, A. I., Martinez, L. F., & Ferreira, P. C. (2017). Workplace Bullying and Presenteeism:The Path Through Emotional Exhaustion and Psychological Wellbeing. Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 61(5), 528–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/ANNWEH/WXX022
  • Ozturk, M. B., & Tatli, A. (2016). Gender identity inclusion in the workplace: Broadening diversity management research and practice through the case of transgender employees in the UK. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(8), 781–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1042902
  • Phoenix, N., & Ghul, R. (2016). Gender transition in the workplace: An occupational therapy perspective. Work (Reading, Mass.), 55(1), 197–205. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-162386
  • Pierce, C., Carew, J., Pierce-Gonzalez, D., & Willis, D. (1978). An experiment in racism: TV commercials. In C. Pierce (Ed.), Television and education (pp. 62–88). Sage.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Pulice-Farrow, L., McNary, S. B., & Galupo, M. P. (2020). Bigender is just a Tumblr thing”: microaggressions in the romantic relationships of gender non-conforming and agender transgender individuals. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 35(3), 362–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2018.1533245
  • Resnick, C. A., & Galupo, M. P. (2019). Assessing experiences with LGBT microaggressions in the workplace: development and validation of the microaggression experiences at work scale. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(10), 1380–1403. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1542207
  • Ruggs, E. N., Hebl, M. R., Martinez, L. R., & Law, C. L. (2015). Workplace “trans”-actions: How organizations, coworkers, and individual openness influence perceived gender identity discrimination. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(4), 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000112
  • Sawyer, K., & Thoroughgood, C. (2017). Gender non-conformity and the modern workplace: New frontiers in understanding and promoting gender identity expression at work. Organizational Dynamics, 46(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.01.001
  • Scandurra, C., & Bochicchio, V. (2018). Transition in the Workplace: The Experience of Italian Transgender and Gender Non-conforming People through the Lens of the Minority Stress Theory. PuntOorg International Journal, https://doi.org/10.19245/25.05.pij.3.1/2.02
  • Sellers, R. M., Rowley, S. A. J., Chavous, T. M., Shelton, J. N., Smith, M. A., Stephanie, V., & Rowley, A. J. (1997). Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity: A Preliminary Investigation of Reliability and Construct Validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.4.805
  • Shelton, K., & Delgado-Romero, E. A. (2013). Sexual orientation microaggressions: The experience of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer clients in psychotherapy. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(S), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/2329-0382.1.S.59
  • Shelton, S. A., & Lester, A. O. S. (2022). A narrative exploration of the importance of intersectionality in a Black trans woman’s mental health experiences. International Journal of Transgender Health, 23(1-2), 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1838393
  • Shramko, M., Toomey, R. B., & Anhalt, K. (2018). Profiles of minority stressors and identity centrality among sexual minority latinx youth. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88(4), 471–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000298
  • Sidiropoulou, K. (2019). Gender Identity Minorities and workplace legislation in Europe. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/204493
  • Sonnentag, S., & Frese, M. (2013). Stress in Organizations. In N. W. Schmitt, S. Highhouse, & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Industrial and Organizational Psychology (2nd Ed., pp. 560–592). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei1218
  • Storozuk, A., Ashley, M., Delage, V., & Maloney, E. A. (2020). Got bots? practical recommendations to protect online survey data from bot attacks. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 16(5), 472–481. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.16.5.p472
  • Stutterheim, S. E., Van Dijk, M., Wang, H., & Jonas, K. J. (2021). The worldwide burden of HIV in transgender individuals: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(12), e0260063. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260063
  • Su, D., Irwin, J. A., Fisher, C., Ramos, A., Kelley, M., Mendoza, D. A. R., & Coleman, J. D. (2016). Mental health disparities within the LGBT population: A comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0001
  • Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. The American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
  • Taranowski, C. J. (2008). Transsexual employees in the workplace. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 23(4), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240802540186
  • Taylor, S., Burke, L. A., Wheatley, K., & Sompayrac, J. (2011). Effectively facilitating gender transition in the workplace. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 23(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-010-9164-9
  • Tebbe, E. A., Allan, B. A., & Bell, H. L. (2019). Work and well-being in TGNC adults: The moderating effect of workplace protections. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000308
  • Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015). Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000081
  • Thoroughgood, C. N., Sawyer, K. B., & Webster, J. R. (2017). What lies beneath: How paranoid cognition explains the relations between transgender employees’ perceptions of discrimination at work and their job attitudes and wellbeing. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 103, 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.07.009
  • Thoroughgood, C. N., Sawyer, K. B., & Webster, J. R. (2021). Because you’re worth the risks: acts of oppositional courage as symbolic messages of relational value to transgender employees. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 106(3), 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000515
  • Williams, M. T., Skinta, M. D., & Martin-Willett, R. (2021). After pierce and sue: A revised racial microaggressions taxonomy. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 16(5), 991–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621994247
  • Williamson, M. (2023). A global analysis of transgender rights: Introducing the Trans Rights Indicator Project (TRIP). Perspective on Politics, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/FXXLTS
  • Zimet, G. D. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2