154
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Ambulatory anesthesia: optimal perioperative management of the diabetic patient

, , , &
Pages 13-22 | Published online: 10 May 2016

References

  • Mendis S. Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organiztion; 2014.
  • Federation ID. IDF Diabetes Atlas Update Poster. 6th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2014.
  • Salam R. Perioperative management of diabetes mellitus. J Med Soc. 2014;28(1):4–8.
  • Association AH. Utilization and volume. In: Trends Affecting Hospitals and Health Systems. Chicago, IL: AHA; chapter 3; 2015.
  • Blondet JJ, Beilman GJ. Glycemic control and prevention of perioperative infection. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007;13(4):421–427.
  • Eshuis WJ, Hermanides J, van Dalen JW, et al. Early postoperative hyperglycemia is associated with postoperative complications after pancreatoduodenectomy. Ann Surg. 2011;253(4):739–744.
  • Frisch A, Chandra P, Smiley D, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of hyperglycemia in the perioperative period in noncardiac surgery. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(8):1783–1788.
  • Furnary AP, Gao G, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(5):1007–1021.
  • Ouattara A, Lecomte P, Le Manach Y, et al. Poor intraoperative blood glucose control is associated with a worsened hospital outcome after cardiac surgery in diabetic patients. Anesthesiology. 2005;103(4):687–694.
  • Polderman JA, Van Velzen L, Wasmoeth LG, et al. Hyperglycemia and ambulatory surgery. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015;81(9):951–959.
  • Membership of the Working Party, Barker P, Creasey PE, Dhatariya K et al. Peri-operative management of the surgical patient with diabetes 2015: Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Anaesthesia. 2015;70(12):1427–1440.
  • Joshi G, Chung F, Vann M, et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia consensus statement on perioperative blood glucose management in diabetic patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2010;111(6):1378–1387.
  • Vann M. Management of diabetes medications for patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology Clin. 2014;32(2):329–339.
  • Desborough J. The stress response to trauma and surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(1):109–117.
  • Subramaniam B, Panzica P, Novack V, et al. Continuous perioperative insulin infusion decreases major cardiovascular events in patients undergoing vascular surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Anesthesiology. 2009;110(5):970–977.
  • Ponce B, Menendez M, Oladeji L, Soldado F. Diabetes as a risk factor for poorer early postoperative outcomes after shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014;23(5):671–678.
  • Kwon S, Thompson R, Dellinger P, Yanez D, Farrohki E, Flum D. Importance of perioperative glycemic control in general surgery: a report from the Surgical Care and Outcomes Assessment Program. Ann Surg. 2013;257(1):8–14.
  • Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Jacobs S, et al. Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBIT 2 surgery). Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):256–261.
  • Evans C, Lee J, Ruhlman M. Optimal glucose management in the perioperative period. Surg Clin North Am. 2015;95(2):337–354.
  • Rassias AJ, Givan AL, Marrin CA, Whalen K, Pahl J, Yeager MP. Insulin increases neutrophil count and phagocytic capacity after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94(5):1113–1119.
  • Rassias AJ, Marrin CA, Arruda J, Whalen PK, Beach M, Yeager MP. Insulin infusion improves neutrophil function in diabetic cardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(5):1011–1016.
  • Alexandraki K, Piperi C, Kalofoutis C, Singh J, Alaveras A, Kalofoutis A. Inflammatory process in type 2 diabetes: the role of cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1084:89–117.
  • Hamed S, Brenner B, Roguin A. Nitric oxide: a key factor behind the dysfunctionality of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes mellitus type-2. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;91(1):9–15.
  • Duncan A. Hyperglycemia and perioperative glucose management. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(38):6195–6203.
  • Hermanides J, Huijgen R, Henny CP, et al. Hip surgery sequentially induces stress hyperglycaemia and activates coagulation. Neth J Med. 2009;67(6):226–229.
  • Bergman SA. Perioperative management of the diabetic patient. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103(6):731–737.
  • Krishnamurti U, Steffes MW. Glycohemoglobin: a primary predictor of the development or reversal of complications of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem. 2001;47(7):1157–1165.
  • Marshall SM, Barth JH. Standardization of HbA1c measurements: a consensus statement. Ann Clin Biochem. 2000;37 (Pt 1):45–46.
  • Alder VA, Yu DY, Su EN, Cringle SJ. Comparison of hematologic parameters in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Lab Anim Sci. 1992;42(2):170–173.
  • Bakhtiani P, Mansuri O, Yadav A, et al. Impact of hyperbaric oxygen on diabetic ulcers is unaffected by glycemic control. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2015;42(3):183–190.
  • Halkos ME, Lattouf OM, Puskas JD, et al. Elevated preoperative hemoglobin A1c level is associated with reduced long-term survival after coronary artery bypass surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86(5):1431–1437.
  • Halkos ME, Puskas JD, Lattouf OM, et al. Elevated preoperative hemoglobin A1c level is predictive of adverse events after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136(3):631–640.
  • Lazar HL, Chipkin SR, Fitzgerald CA, Bao Y, Cabral H, Apstein CS. Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events. Circulation. 2004;109(12):1497–1502.
  • O’Sullivan CJ, Hynes N, Mahendran B, et al. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) in non-diabetic and diabetic vascular patients. Is HbA1C an independent risk factor and predictor of adverse outcome? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32(2):188–197.
  • Gustafsson UO, Thorell A, Soop M, Ljungqvist O, Nygren J. Haemoglobin A1c as a predictor of postoperative hyperglycaemia and complications after major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2009;96(11):1358–1364.
  • Coan KE, Schlinkert AB, Beck BR, et al. Perioperative management of patients with diabetes undergoing ambulatory elective surgery. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7(4):983–989.
  • DiNardo M, Donihi A, Forte P, Gieraltowski L, Korytkowski M. Standardized glycemic management and perioperative glycemic outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus who undergo same-day surgery. Endocr Pract. 2011;17(3):404–411.
  • Song R. Mechanism of metformin: a tale of two sites. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(2):187–189.
  • Salpeter S, Greyber E, Pasternak G, Salpeter E. Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;14(4):CD002967.
  • Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(suppl 1):S1–S93.
  • Frassdorf J, De Hert S, Schlack W. Anaesthesia and myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Br J Anaesth. 2009;103(1):89–98.
  • Meneghini L. Perioperative management of diabetes: translating evidence into practice. Cleve Clin J Med. 2009;76(Suppl 4):S53–59.
  • van de Laar FA. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in the early treatment of type 2 diabetes. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2008;4(6):1189–1195.
  • Berlie H, Hurren KM, Pinelli NR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as add-on therapy to basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2012;5:165–174.
  • Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) in biology and pathology. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2005;21(2):91–117.
  • Chen D, Lee S, Peterfreund R. New therapeutic agents for diabetes mellitus: implications for anesthetic management. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(6):1803–1810.
  • de Heer J, Holst J. Sulfonylurea compounds uncouple the glucose dependence of the insulinotropic effect of glucagon-like peptide 1. Diabetes. 2007;56(2):438–443.
  • Kawano T, Tanaka K, Chi H, et al. Biophysical and pharmacological properties of glucagon-like peptide-1 in rats under isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(1):62–69.
  • Mudaliar S, Polidori D, Zambrowicz B, Henry RR. Sodium-glucose cotransporter inhibitors: effects on renal and intestinal glucose transport: from bench to bedside. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(12):2344–2353.
  • Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D, Wie L, Leslie B, List J. Dapagliflozin a glucose-regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(9):853–862.
  • Agency EM. Review of Diabetes Medicines Called SGLT2 Inhibitors Started. Risk of Diabetic Ketoacidosis to be Examined. London: European Medicines Agency; 2015.
  • Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, Cohan P, Diner JC, Hirsch IB. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: A potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015; 38(9):1687–1693.
  • Vann M. Perioperative management of ambulatory surgical patients with diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2009;22(6):718–724.
  • Davis DA, Taylor-Vaisey A. Translating guidelines into practice. A systematic review of theoretic concepts, practical experience and research evidence in the adoption of clinical practice guidelines. CMAJ. 1997;157(4):408–416.
  • Cabana MD, Rand CS, Powe NR, et al. Why don’t physicians follow clinical practice guidelines? A framework for improvement. JAMA. 1999;282(15):1458–1465.
  • Francke AL, Smit MC, de Veer AJ, Mistiaen P. Factors influencing the implementation of clinical guidelines for health care professionals: a systematic meta-review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2008;8:38.
  • Rosenblatt S, Dukatz T, Jahn R, et al. Insulin glargine dosing before next-day surgery: comparing three strategies. J Clin Anesth. 2012;24(8):610–617.
  • Corney S, Dukatz T, Rosenblatt S, et al. Comparison of insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion) to alternative methods for perioperative glycemic management in patients with planned postoperative admissions. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(5):1003–1015.
  • Polderman JAW, Broere L, Preckel B, Hermanides J. Predictors of perioperative hyperglycaemia in patients with diabetes type 1 or 2 undergoing ambulatory surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015;32(eSupplement 53).
  • Raucoules-Aime M, Labib Y, Levraut J, Gastaud P, Dolisi C, Grimaud D. Use of i.v. insulin in well-controlled non-insulin-dependent diabetics undergoing major surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(2):198–202.
  • Hemmerling TM, Schmid MC, Schmidt J, Kern S, Jacobi KE. Comparison of a continuous glucose-insulin-potassium infusion versus intermittent bolus application of insulin on perioperative glucose control and hormone status in insulin-treated type 2 diabetics. J Clin Anesth. 2001;13(4):293–300.
  • Hirsch I. Sliding scale insulin–time to stop sliding. JAMA. 2009; 301(2):213–214.
  • McCall AL. Insulin Therapy and Hypoglycemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012;41(1):57–87.
  • Nassar AA, Boyle ME, Seifert KM, et al. Insulin pump therapy in patients with diabetes undergoing surgery. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(1):49–55.
  • Boyle M, Seifert K, Beer K, et al. Guidelines for application of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (Insulin pump) therapy in the perioperative period. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(1):184–190.
  • Ferrari L. New insulin analogues and insulin delivery devices for the perioperative management of diabetic patients. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21(3):401–405.
  • Dhatariya K, Levy N, Kilvert A, et al. NHS diabetes guideline for the perioperative management of the adult patient with diabetes. Diabet Med. 2012;29(4):420–433.
  • Bullu-Sanchis S, Ortega F, Chabrier G, et al. Efficacy of short term continuous subcutaneous insulin lispro versus continuous intravenous regular insulin in poorly controlled, hospitalized, type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab. 2006;32(4):350–358.
  • Umpierrez G, Latif K, Stoever J, et al. Efficacy of subcutaneous insulin lispro versus continuous intravenous regular insulin for the treatment of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Am J Med. 2004;117(5):291–296.
  • Elbers PW, Ince C. Mechanisms of critical illness–classifying microcirculatory flow abnormalities in distributive shock. Crit Care. 2006;10(4):221.
  • Moghissi E, Korytkowski M, DiNardo M, et al; American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; American Diabetes Association. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009;15(4):353–369.
  • Giakoumidakis K, Eltheni R, Patelarou E, et al. Effects of intensive glycemic control on outcomes of cardiac surgery. Heart Lung. 2013; 42(2):146–151.
  • van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(19):1359–1367.
  • Umpierrez G, Cardona S, Pasquel F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intensive versus conservative glucose control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: GLUCO-CABG trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1665–1672.
  • Sathya B, Davis R, Taveira T, Whitlatch H, Wu WC. Intensity of peri-operative glycemic control and postoperative outcomes in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;102(1):8–15.
  • Gandhi G, Nuttall G, Abel M, et al. Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(4):233–243.
  • Bhamidipati C, LaPar D, Stukenborg G, et al. Superiority of moderate control of hyperglycemia to tight control in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 141(2):543–551.
  • Abdelmalak BB, Knittel J, Abdelmalak JB, et al. Preoperative blood glucose concentrations and postoperative outcomes after elective non-cardiac surgery: an observational study. Br J Anaesth. 2014;112(1):79–88.
  • Stagnaro-Green A. Perioperative glucose control: does it really matter? Mt Sinai J Med. 1991;58(4):299–304.
  • Kalra S, Bajwa SJ, Baruah M, Sehgal V. Hypoglycaemia in anesthesiology practice: diagnostic, preventive, and management strategies. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013;7(4):447–452.
  • Cryer P, Axelrod L, Grossman A, et al. Evaluation and management of adult hypoglycemic disorders: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(3):709–728.
  • Cryer P. Symptoms of hypoglycemia, thresholds for their occurrence, and hypoglycemia unawareness. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28(3):495–500.
  • Cryer P. Hypoglycemia, functional brain failure, and brain death. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(4):868–870.
  • Vinik A, Maser R, Mitchell B, Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1553–1579.
  • Abdelhafiz A, Rodriguez-Manas L, Morley J, Sinclair A. Hypoglycemia in older Ppeople–a less well recognized risk factor for frailty. Aging Dis. 2015;6(2):156–167.
  • Pitkin A, Rice M. Challenges to glycemic measurement in the perioperative and critically ill patient: a review. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009;3(6):1270–1281.
  • Rebel A, Rice M, Fahy B. Accuracy of point-of-care glucose measurements. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(2):396–411.
  • Teodorczyk M, Nandagopalan S, Maguire P, Stegmann J. System accuracy of blood glucose monitoring devices according to the current and proposed ISO 15197 standards. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7(3):795–797.
  • De Oliveira GJ, Almeida M, Benzon H, McCarthy R. Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2011;115(3):575–588.
  • Murphy G, Szokol J, Greenberg S, et al. Preoperative dexamethasone enhances quality of recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: effect on in-hospital and postdischarge recovery outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2011;114(4):882–890.
  • Nazar CE, Echevarria GC, Lacassie HJ, Flores RA, Munoz HR. [Effects on blood glucose of prophylactic dexamethasone for postoperative nausea and vomiting in diabetics and non-diabetics]. Rev Med Chil. 2011;139(6):755–761.
  • Fauci AS, Dale DC, Balow JE. Glucocorticosteroid therapy: mechanisms of action and clinical considerations. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84(3):304–315.