387
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Marine biosecurity: protecting indigenous marine species

, , &
Pages 1-14 | Published online: 13 Jan 2016

References

  • Convention on Biological Diversity [database on the Internet]. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 1992. Available from: http://www.biodiv.org. Accessed March 14, 2015.
  • Wilcove DS, Rothstein D, Dubow J, Phillips A, Losos E. Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. Bioscience. 1998;48(8):607–615.
  • Molnar JL, Gamboa RL, Revenga C, Spalding MD. Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity. Front Ecol Env. 2008;6:485–492.
  • Vitousek PM, D’Antonio CM, Loope LL, Rejmanek M, Westbrooks R. Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. N Z J Ecol. 1997;21(1):1–16.
  • Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol Econ. 2005;52(3):273–288.
  • Carlton JT. Global change and biological invasions in the oceans. In: Mooney HI, Hobbs R, editors. Impact of Global Change on Invasive Species, Covelo CA: Island Press; 2000:31–53.
  • Hulme PE. Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalisation. J Appl Ecol. 2009;46:10–18.
  • Minchin D, Cook EJ, Clark PF. A list of alien brackish and marine British species. Aquat Invasions. 2013;8(1):3–19.
  • Roy HE, Bacon J, Beckmann B, et al. Non-Native Species in Great Britain: Establishment, Detection and Reporting to Inform Effective Decision Making. A Report to the UK Department of Environment, Fisheries and Rural Affairs, UK; 2012:110.
  • Williams F, Eschen R, Harris A, et al. The Economic Cost of Invasive Non-Native Species on Great Britain. Wallingford: Centre for Biosciences and Agriculture International; 2010.
  • Cook EJ, Jenkins S, Maggs C, et al. Impacts of Climate Change on Non-Native Species. UK: Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership; Plymouth, UK:2013.
  • Marine Environment Protection Committee. Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships’ Biofouling to Minimise the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species; International Maritime Organisation, London, UK:2011. Available from: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Biofouling/Documents/RESOLUTION%20MEPC.207[62].pdf. Accessed April 22, 2015.
  • DEFRA. The Invasive Non-Native Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain. London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; London, UK:2008. Available from: http://www.nonnativespecies.org/index.cfm?sectionid=55. Accessed January 15, 2015.
  • Department of the Environment Northern Ireland. An Invasive Alien Species Strategy for Northern Ireland. UK: Department of the Environment Northern Ireland; 2013. Available from: http://invasivespeciesireland.com/news/an-invasive-alien-species-strategy-for-northern-ireland/. Accessed January 15, 2015.
  • Scottish Government. Code of Practice on Non-Native Species – Made by the Scottish Ministers under section 14C of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Edinburgh, UK: Scottish Government; 2012. Available from: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2012/08/7367. Accessed February 10, 2015.
  • Mills F. Firth of Clyde Biosecurity Plan 2012–2016. UK: Firth of Clyde Forum; Glasgow, UK:2012. Available from: http://clydeforum.com/attachments/biosecplan.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2015.
  • Solway Firth Partnership. Draft Biosecurity Plan – Marine Invasive Non-Native Species in the Solway. Dunfries, UK: Solway Firth Partnership; 2013. Available from: http://www.solwayfirthpartnership.co.uk/uploads/Marine%20Invasive%20Non-native%20Species/Marine%20INNS%20in%20Solway%202013.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2015.
  • Orkney Islands Council. Ballast Water Management Policy for Scapa Flow. Orkney, UK: Orkney Islands Council; 2014. Available from: http://www.orkneyharbours.com/pdfs/bwm/Ballast%20Water%20Management%20Policy%20for%20Scapa%20Flow%20April%202014.pdf. Accessed February 10, 2015.
  • Collin SB, MacIver K, Shucksmith R. A Biosecurity Plan for the Shetland Islands. Scalloway, Shetland Isles: NAFC Marine Centre; 2015. Available from: http://www.nafc.uhi.ac.uk/departments/marine-science-and-technology/BiosecurityPlan.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2015.
  • Cefas. Finfish Biosecurity Measures Plan – Guidance and Templates for Finfish Farmers and Traders. Weymouth, UK: Cefas; 2009. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/278581/Finfish_biosecurity_measures_plan.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2015.
  • Cefas. Shellfish Biosecurity Measures Plan – Guidance and Templates for Shellfish Farmers. Weymouth, UK: Cefas; 2009. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/278580/Shellfish_biosecurity_measures_plan.pdf. Accessed February 15, 2015.
  • Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, et al. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science. 2006;314(5800):787–790.
  • Lovei GL. Biodiversity – global change through invasion. Nature. 1997;388(6643):627–628.
  • Ruesink JL, Feist BE, Harvey CJ, et al. Changes in productivity associated with four introduced species: ecosystem transformation of a ‘pristine’ estuary. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2006;311:203–215.
  • Herbert RJH, Roberts C, Humpreys J, Fletcher S. The Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the UK: Economic, Legal and Environmental Issues Associated with its Cultivation, Wild Establishment and Exploitation. London: Shellfish Association of Great Britain; 2012.
  • Robinson TB, Griffiths CL, McQuaid C, Rius M. Marine alien species of South Africa – status and impacts. Afr J Mar Sci. 2005;27(1):297–306.
  • Lengyel NL, Collie JS, Valentine PC. The invasive colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum on Georges Bank – ecological effects and genetic identification. Aquat Invasions. 2009;4:143–152.
  • Gittenberger A. Recent population expeansion of non-native ascidians in The Netherlands. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2007;342:122–126.
  • Kremen C. Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology? Ecol Lett. 2005;8(5):468–479.
  • Levin AL, Neira C, Grosholz ED. Invasive cordgrass modifies wetland trophic function. Ecology. 2006;87:419–432.
  • Semmens BX, Buhle ER, Salomon AK, Pattengill-Semmens CV. A hotspot of non-native marine fishes: evidence for the aquarium trade as an invasion pathway. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2004;266:239–244.
  • Ferreira CEL, Luiz OJ, Floeter SR, et al. First record of invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans) for the Brazilian coast. PLoS One. 2015;10(4).
  • Green SJ, Akins JL, Maljkovic A, Cote IM. Invasive lionfish drive atlantic coral reef fish declines. PLoS One. 2012;7(3).
  • Sutherland WJ, Clout M, Côté IM, et al. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010. Trends Ecol Evol. 2010;25:1–7.
  • Johnsen BO, Jensen AJ. The Gyrodactylus story in Norway. Aquaculture. 1991;98:289–302.
  • Kennedy CR, Fitch DJ. Colonisation, larval survival and epidemiology of the nematode Anguillicola crassus, parasite in the eel Anguilla anguilla in Britain. J Fish Biol. 1990;36:117–131.
  • Holmes JMC, Minchin D. Two exotic copepods imported into Ireland with the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). Ir Nat J. 1995;25:17–20.
  • Goulletquer P, Bachelet G, Sauriau PG, Noel P. Open Atlantic coast of Europe – a century of introduced species into French waters. In: Leppäkoski E, Gollasch S, Olenin S, editors. Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe Distribution, Impacts and Management. Dordrecht, Boston and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2002:276–290.
  • Wolff WJ. Non-indigenous marine and estuarine species in The Netherlands. Zool Med Leiden. 2005;79:1–116.
  • Yang AG, Wang QY, Liu ZH, Zhou LQ. The hybrid between the scallops Chlamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis and the inheritance characteristics of its first filial generation. Mar Fish Res. 2004;25(5):1–5.
  • Yu RH, Bao ZM, Wang ZP, et al. Hybridization of Clamys farreri and Patinopecten yessoensis. J Ocean Univ Chin. 2006;36(1):85–88.
  • Youngson AF, Dosdatz A, Saroglia M, Jorda WC. Genetic interactions between marine finfish species in European aquaculture and wild conspecifics. J Appl Ichthyol. 2001;17:153–162.
  • Skaala O, Wennevik V, Glover KA. Evidence of temporal genetic change in wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., populations affected by farm escapees. ICES J Mar Sci. 2006;63(7):1224–1233.
  • Sanjuan A, Zapata C, Alvarez G. Genetic differentiation in Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk throughout the world. Ophelia. 1997;47:13–31.
  • Payne RD, Cook EJ, Macleod A. Marine Biosecurity Planning – Guidance for Producing Site and Operation-Based Plans for Preventing the Introduction of Non-Native Species. Scottish Natural Heritage, Perth, UK: 2014. Available from: http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/A1294630.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2015.
  • Marine Strategy Framework Directive. European Union; Secretariat to the Council of the European Union, Brussels, Belgium:2008. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:164:0019:0040:EN:PDF. Accessed March 5, 2015.
  • Water Framework Directive. European Union; Secretariat to the Council of the European Union, Brussels, Belgium:2000. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32000L0060&from=EN. Accessed March 5, 2015.
  • Regulation on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. EU: 2014. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R1143&from=EN. Accessed March 5, 2015.
  • Aquatic Animal Health (Scotland) Regulations. UK: 2009. Available from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2009/85/contents/made. Accessed March 10, 2015.
  • Council Directive on animal heath requirements for aquaculture animals and products 2006/88/EC. EU: 2006. Available from: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:328:0014:0056:en:PDF. Accessed March 10, 2015.
  • Ciria. Invasive Species Management for Infrastructure Managers and the Construction Industry. London, UK: Ciria; 2008.
  • Holt RHF, Cordingley AP. Eradication of the Non-Native Carpet Ascidian (Sea Squirt) Didemnum Vexillum in Holyhead Harbour: Progress, Methods and Results to Spring 2011. A Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, UK; 2011:104.
  • GB Non-Native Species Secretariat. The Invasive Non-Native Species Framework Strategy for Great Britain. GB Non-Native Species Secretariat; York, UK:2008. Available from: http://www.nonnativespecies.org/index.cfm?sectionid=55. Accessed January 15, 2015.
  • Ministry for Primary Industries. Management Action Plan – Biosecurity Response Preparedness Implementation Plan for Recommendations Following Exercise Taurus. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries; Wellington, NZ:2012. Available from: http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/pests/foot-n-mouth/mpi-ex-taurus-2012-preparedness-management-action-plan.pdf. Accessed March 27, 2015.
  • Shine CA. Toolkit for Developing Legal and Institutional Frameworks for Invasive Alien Species. Nairobi: Global Invasive Species Programme; 2008.
  • Ward AI, Stebbing P, Jeffery K. Bio-Security in the Marine and Freshwater Environment. A Report to FERA and CEFAS, UK; 2013:135.
  • OGP/IPIECA. Alien invasive Species and the Oil and Gas Industry – Guidance for Prevention and Management. London, UK: OGP/IPIECA; 2010. Available from: http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/436.pdf. Accessed April 22, 2015.
  • Kelly J, Maguire CM. Marine Aquaculture Code of Practice. Invasive Species Ireland; Belfast, Northern Ireland:2009. Available from: http://invasivespeciesireland.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Marina_Operators_CoP-.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015.
  • Cumbria Freshwater Invasive Non-Native Species Initiative. Event Biosecurity Support Pack. Ulverston, Cumbria, UK:2013. Available from: https://www.facebook.com/cfinns. Accessed January 12, 2015.
  • Anon. Asian Hornet Response Plan. Fera, York, UK: Anon; 2012. Available from: www.nationalbeeunit.com/downloadDocument.cfm?id=675. Accessed February 27, 2015.
  • Eno NC, Clark RA, Sanderson WG. Non-Native Marine Species in British Waters: a Review and Directory. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee; 1997.
  • Minchin D, Eno C. Exotics of coastal and inland waters of Ireland and Britain. In: Leppäkoski E, Gollasch S, Olenin S, editors. Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe: Distribution, Impact and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer; 2002:267–275.
  • Ashton GV, Stevens MI, Hart MC, et al. Mitochondrial DNA reveals multiple Northern Hemisphere introductions of Caprella mutica (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Mol Ecol. 2008;17(5):1293–1303.
  • Cook EJ, Jahnke M, Kerckhof F, et al. European expansion of the introduced amphipod Caprella mutica Schurin 1935. Aquat Invasions. 2007;2(4):411–421.
  • Cook EJ, Stehlikova J, Beveridge CM, et al. Distribution of the invasive bryozoan Tricellaria inopinata in Scotland and a review of its European expansion. Aquat Invasions. 2013;8(3):281–288.
  • Carlton JT, Geller JB. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science. 1993;261:78–82.
  • Mooney HA, Cleland EE. The evolutionary impact of invasive species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98:5446–5451.
  • Streftaris N, Zenetos A, Papathanassiou E. Globalisation in marine ecosystems: the story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev. 2005;43:419–453.
  • Padilla DK, Williams SL. Beyond ballast water: aquarium and ornamental trades as sources of invasive species in aquatic ecosystems. Front Ecol Env. 2004;2:131–138.
  • Galil BS. A sea under siege- alien species in the Mediterranean. Biol Invasions. 2000;2:177–786.
  • Galil BS, Boero F, Campbell ML, et al. Double trouble’: the expansion of the Suez Canal and marine bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea. Biol Invasions. 2015;17:973–976.
  • Harries DB, Cook EJ, Harrow S, et al. The establishment of the invasive alga Sargassum muticum on the west coast of Scotland: Rapid northwards spread and identification of potential new areas for colonisation. Aquat Invasions. 2007;2(4):367–377.
  • Giesler RJ. The Establishment and Spread of the Invasive Wireweed, Sargassum Muticum in the Isle of Man. A Report to the Isle of Man Government, UK; 2013;29.
  • Davidson K, Miller P, Wilding T, et al. A large and prolonged bloom of Karenia mikimotoi in Scottish waters in 2006. Harmful Algae. 2009;8(2):349–361.
  • David M, Gollasch S, Leppakoski E. Risk assessment for exemptions from ballast water management – The Baltic Sea case study. Mar Pollut Bull. 2013;75:205–217.
  • Hilliard R. Best Practice for the Management of Introduced Marine Pests – A Review. Australia: 2005. Available from: http://www.issg.org/pdf/publications/GISP/Guidelines_Toolkits_BestPractice/Hilliard_2005.pdf. Accessed January 23, 2015.
  • ICES. Report of the Working Group on Introductions and Transfers of Marine Organisms. Copenhagen, Denmark: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea; 2005. Available from: http://www.ices.dk/reports/ACME/2005/WGITMO05.pdf. Accessed January 18, 2015.
  • Minchin D, Gollasch S, Wallentinus I, editors. Vector Pathways and the Spread of Exotic Species in the Sea. Copenhagen: International Council for the Exploration of the Sea; 2005.
  • Sewell J, Pearce S, Bishop J, Evans JL. Investigations to Determine the Potential Risk for Certain Non-Native Species to be Introduced to North Wales with Mussel Seed Dredged from Wild Seed Beds. A Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, UK; 2008:82.
  • Ruiz GM, Fofonnoff PW, Ashton G, Minton MS, Miller AW. Geographic variation in marine invasions among large esturaries: effects of ships and time. Ecol Appl. 2013;23(2):311–320.
  • Chan FT, Bailey SA, Wiley CJ, MasIssac HJ. Predictive relative risk assessment for ballast-mediated invasions at Canadian Arctic Ports. Biol Invasions. 2013;15(2):295–308.
  • Gollasch S, Leppakoski E. Initial risk assessment of alien species in Nordic Coastal Waters. A Report to the Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark; 1999:244.
  • Keller RP, Drake JM, Drew MB, Lodge DM. Linking environmental conditions and ship movements to estimate invasive species transport across the global shipping network. Divers Distrib. 2011;17:93–102.
  • Ashton GV, Willis KJ, Burrows MT, Cook EJ. Environmental tolerance of Caprella mutica: implications for its distribution as a marine non-native species. Mar Environ Res. 2007;64(3):305–312.
  • Carlton JT. Dispersal mechanisms of the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). In: Nalepa TF, Schloesser DW, editors. Zebra Mussels: Biology, Impacts and Control. Michigan: Lewis Publishers; 1993:677–697.
  • Clark PF, Rainbow PS, Robbins RS, et al. The alien Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura), in the Thames catchment. J Mar Biol Assoc UK. 1998;78:1215–1221.
  • Sewell J, Sweet N. GB Non-native Organism Risk Assessment for Crepidula fornicata. GB Non-native species secretariat, York, UK; 2011. Available from: http://www.nonnativespecies.org. Accessed February 27, 2015.
  • Ojaveer H, Galil BS, Campbell ML, et al. Classification of non-indigenous species based on their impacts: the marine perspective. PLoS Biol. 2015;13(4).
  • Hewitt CL, Hayes KM. Risk assessment of marine biological invasions. In: Leppäkoski E, Gollasch S, Olenin S, editors. Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe: Distribution, Impacts and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic; 2002:456–466.
  • Britton D, Heimowitz P, Pasko S, Patterson M, Thompson J. HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Planning to Prevent the Spread of Invasive Species. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque, US; 2011. Available from: http://www.haccp-nrm.org/haccp_manual_2 011_final_press_ready.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2015.
  • Wilson J, Smith K. Code of Good Practice for Mussel Seed Movements. A Report to the Bangor Mussel Growers Association, Wales; 2008:26.
  • Bax N, Hayes K, Marshall A, Parry D, Thresher R. Man-made marinas as sheltered islands for alien marine organisms: Establishment and eradication of an alien invasive marine species. In: Veitch CR, Clout MN, editors. Turning the Tide: the Eradication of Invasive Species. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group; 2002:26–39.
  • Anderson LWJ. California’s reaction to Caulerpa taxifolia: a model for invasive species rapid response. Biol Invasions. 2005;7:1003–1016.
  • Gollasch S. Overview on introduced aquatic species in European navigational and adjacent waters. Helgol Mar Res. 2006;60(2):84–89.
  • Boos K, Ashton GV, Cook EJ. The Japanese skeleton shrimp Caprella mutica (Crustacea, Amphipoda): A global invader of coastal waters. In: Galil BS, Clark PJ, Carlton JT, editors. In the Wrong Place – Alien Marine Crustaceans: Distribution, Biology and Impacts. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2011:129–156.
  • Foster V. Blue Build and Biosecurity: Designing the Next Generation of Marinas for Preventing the Spread of Invasives. MSc Disseration. Scottish Association for Marine Science: University of St Andrews; 2013:54.
  • Gollasch S, Macdonald E, Belson S, et al. Life in ballast tanks. In: Leppäkoski E, Gollasch S, Olenin S, editors. Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe Distribution, Impacts and Management. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2002:217–231.
  • Bax N, Williamson A, Aguero M, Gonzalez E, Geeves W. Marine invasive alien species: a threat to global biodiversity. Mar Pol. 2003;27(4):313–323.
  • Connell SD. Floating pontoons create novel habitats for subtidal epibiota. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2000;247:183–194.
  • Mineur F, Cook EJ, Minchin D, et al. Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial structures. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev. 2012;50:187–232.
  • David M, Gollasch S, Pavliha M. Global ballast water management and the same location concept – a clear term or a clear issue? Ecol Appl. 2013;23(2):331–338.
  • Cook EJ, Davidson K, Fox C, Black K. Monitoring and Eradication of Invasive and Non-Native Species in Aquaculture Units. A Report to the Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum, UK; 2012:39.
  • Floerl O, Inglis GJ, Hayden BJ. A risk-based predictive tool to prevent accidental introductions of non-indigenous marine species. Environ Manage. 2005;35(6):765–778.
  • Nimmo F, Cook EJ, Moxey AP, Hambrey J, Black K. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Management Options for Didemnum Vexillum (Carpet Sea Squirt) In Scotland. A Report to the Scottish Government, UK; 2012:69.
  • Aldridge DC, Elliott P, Moggridge GD. Microencapsulated biobulletse for the control of biofouling zebra mussels. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40:975–979.
  • Laing I, Bussell J, Somerwill K. Assessment of the Impacts of Didemnum Vexillum and Options for the Management of the Species in England. A Report To Natural England, FERA and Cefas, UK; 2010:62.
  • Denny CM. Development of a method to reduce the spread of the ascidian Didemnum vexillum with aquaculture transfers. ICES J Mar Sci. 2008:1–6.
  • Locke A, Doe KG, Fairchild WL, Jackman PM, Reese EJ. Preliminary evaluation of effects of invasive tunicate management with acetic acid and calcium hydroxide on non target marine organisms in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Aquat Invasions. 2009;4:221–236.
  • NIMPIS. Styela clava Species Summary. Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests, Clayton South, Australia. Available from: http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/nimpis/spsummary.asp?txa=6836. Accessed January 20, 2015.
  • Coutts ADM, Forrest BM. Development and application of tools for incursion response: Lessons learned from the management of the fouling pest Didemnum vexillum. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2007;342(1):154–162.
  • Kleeman SN. Didemnum Vexillum – Feasibility of Eradication and/or Control. A Report to the Countryside Council for Wales, UK; 2009:53.
  • Aquenal Pty Ltd. Enclosure Treatment: A Biosecure Treatment for Oil Rig Pontoons. A Report to the MAF Biosecurity New Zealand; 2009:43.
  • Sandodden R, Johnsen SI. Eradication of introduced signal crayfish Pasifastacus leniusculus using the pharmaceutical BETAMAX VET.®. Aquat Invasions. 2010;5(1):75–81.
  • Maritime Journal. Impounded harbour creates new marina in South Wales; 2002. Available from: http://www.maritimejournal.com/news101/marine-civils/port,-harbour-and-marine-construction/impounded_harbour_creates_new_marina_in_south_wales. Accessed November 18, 2014.
  • Tsolaki E, Diamadopoulos E. Technologies for ballast water treatment: a review. J Chem Tech Biotech. 2009;85(1):19–32.
  • Cangelosi AA, Knight IT, Balcer M, et al. The Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration project: biological effectiveness test program (including MV Regal Princess trials). In: Raaymakers S, editor. Proceedings of the 1st International Ballast Water Treatment R&D Symposium; 26–27 March 2001; London, UK. GloBallast Monograph Series. London: International Maritime Organization; 2001:88–94.
  • Daffron KA, Lewis JA, Johnston EL. Antifouling strategies: history and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigation. Mar Pollut Bull. 2011;62:453–465.
  • Srinivasan M, Swain GW. Managing the use of Copper-based antifouling paint. Environ Manage. 2007;39(3):423–441.
  • Floerl O, Inglis GJ. Starting the invasion pathway: the interaction between source populations and human transport as vectors. Biol Invasions. 2005;7:589–606.
  • Piola RF, Johnston EL. The potential for translocation of marine species via small-scale disruptions to antifouling surfaces. Biofouling. 2008;24(3):145–155.
  • Hewitt C, Martin R. Revised Protocols for Baseline Surveys for Introduced Marine Species- Survey Design, Sampling Protocols and Specimen Handling. A Report by the Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests, Hobart, Australia; 2001:46.
  • Inglis G, Gust N, Fitridge I, et al. Port of Auckland: Baseline Survey for Non-Indigenous Marine Species. A Report for the BNZ Post-clearance Directorate, New Zealand Government, New Zealand; 2005:91.
  • Pederson J, Bullock R, Carlton J, et al. Marine Invaders in the Northeast: Rapid Assessment Survey of Non-Native and Native Marine Species of Floating Dock Communities; 2003. Available from http://massbay.mit.edu/exoticspecies/exoticmaps/RAS-report11.pdf. Accessed December 18, 2014.
  • Ashton GV, Boos K, Shucksmith R, Cook EJ. Rapid assessment of the distribution of marine non-native species in marinas in Scotland. Aquat Invasions. 2006;1(4):209–213.
  • Nunn J, Minchin D. Rapid Assessment of Marinas for Invasive Alien Species in Northern Ireland. A Report for the Northern Ireland Environment Agency, Belfast, UK; 2013:116.
  • IMO. International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM), London: IMO; 2004. Available from: http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Control-and-Management-of-Ships’-Ballast-Water-and-Sediments-(BWM).aspx. Accessed January 19, 2015.
  • IMO. Guidance for minimising the transfer of invasive aquatic species as biofouling (hull fouling) for recreational craft. London: IMO; 2012. Available from: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/Biofouling/Documents/MEPC.1-Circ.792.pdf. Accessed January 19, 2015.