https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-3240
![Sample our Engineering & Technology journals, sign in here to start your access, latest two full volumes FREE to you for 14 days]({"type":"image" , "src" : "/sda/5933/TOC-Subject-Sample-2021-Engineering-Tech.jpg"})
Abstract
Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most common and simple technique to diagnose cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular diseases can be detected effectively if ECG signals are monitored for a long time, producing innovative clinical outcomes to diagnose and treat cardiovascular diseases. Due to skin irritation and degradation of signal quality with time, traditional wet electrodes are unsuitable for long-term ECG monitoring. Researchers are trying to fabricate flexible, wearable, highly conductive and lightweight ECG sensors, which can be applied for long-term monitoring of ECG signals and the detection of several cardiovascular diseases. Graphene is used for fabricating dry ECG electrodes because it exhibits robust mechanical flexibility, good environmental stability and excellent carrier mobility. This review paper presents the progress of various fabrication methods to make graphene-based ECG electrodes and provides the researcher’s clarification on recent advancements and direction in this domain. This paper focuses on a systematic review and comparative study of various fabrication methods of graphene-based ECG electrodes, such as screen printing, dip coating, drop casting, wet transfer, electrospinning, wet transfer and dry patterning, spin coating, spray coating, ink-jet printing etc.
Abbreviations
| BLG | = | Bi-Layer Graphene |
| CG | = | Chemically modified Graphene |
| CRGO | = | Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| CVD | = | Chemical Vapor Deposition |
| ECG | = | Electrocardiogram |
| EEG | = | Electroencephalogram |
| EMG | = | Electromyography |
| EOG | = | Electrooculogram |
| GES | = | Graphene Electronic |
| GET | = | Graphene Electronic Tattoo |
| GNR | = | Graphene Nano-Ribbons |
| GO | = | Graphene Oxide |
| GS | = | Graphene Sponge |
| GT | = | Graphene-Based Textiles |
| LIG | = | Laser Induced Graphene |
| LINA | = | Laser Induced Nanographene Aggregates |
| PDMS | = | Polydimethylsiloxane |
| PEDOT | = | Poly(3,4-Ethylenedio-xythiophene) |
| PEG | = | Polyethylene Glycol |
| PEP | = | Polyaziridine-Encapsulated Phosphorene |
| PET | = | Polyethylene Terephthalate |
| PHA | = | Polyhydroxyalkanoate |
| PMMA | = | Polymethyl Methacrylate |
| PSS | = | Poly(Styrenesulfonate) |
| PVA | = | Polyvinyl Alcohol |
| PVDF | = | Polyvinylidene Fluoride |
| rGO | = | Reduced Graphene Oxide |
| RMS | = | Root Mean Square |
| SEM | = | Scanning Electron Microscopy |
| SNR | = | Signal To Noise Ratio |
| TEM | = | Transmission Electron Microscopy |
Author contributions
Conceptualisation, RD and RPC; methodology, PS; software, BA and BPD; validation, PS.; formal analysis, PS, and BA; investigation, AGS, MO and NB; resources, BA, BPD, and RPC; data curation, RD and RPC; writing—original draft preparation, RD, RPC, and PS; supervision, AS, and PN.; project administration, BA; funding acquisition, AS, and PN writing—review and editing: PS, BA, RD and BPD; coordination, PN; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).