Abstract
The freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lanchesteri is one of the most economically important and widely distributed species in Northeastern Thailand. However, few studies have investigated the genetic variation of these crustaceans. Water quality, morphometrics and genetic variation were determined for 1,219 individuals of M. lanchesteri from 11 provinces in Northeastern Thailand. Water quality analysis showed water temperature, pH, water hardness and dissolved oxygen as 25 to 33ºC, 6 to 9, 64 to 101 ml l−1 and 4 to 7.5 ml l−1 respectively. Water quality indicated that aquatic animals could live. Morphological characters showed total length as 1.5to 4.5 cm with M. lanchesteri mean length of females higher than males in all 11 provinces. M. lanchesteri from Nong Khai presented the largest size with Buri Ram mostly comprising the smallest. Genetic variation was determined using the PCR-RFLP technique with five restriction enzymes as Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III. Results showed one composite haplotype when samples were digested with Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III, respectively, as AAAAA. A total of 9 haplotypes were detected. Nucleotide sequencing analysis found low genetic variation in populations of M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand ranged from 0 to 0.035. Phylogenetic tree (UPGMA) construction determined that the M. lanchesteri population constituted two clades which all populations closely related apart from one separate population. This study can be used as a guideline for selection of commercial cultures by shrimp breeders and may also be useful for shrimp conservation.
PUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENT
Macrobrachium lanchesteri is one of five importance economic species in Thailand. Shrimp is a main food source in the northeastern region of Thailand and the industry generates income for many people. Shrimp quantities have recently decreased in natural water resources and can no longer meet the demand. There is an urgent need to increase shrimp aquaculture. This requires the initial selection of breeders, and use of external morphology only may cause discrepancies. This study demonstrates the genetic variation of M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand and aims to assist in genetic identification and confirm shrimp classification from external characteristics. Our proposed guidelines may help to select breeders for commercial farming and promote species conservation.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
1. Introduction
Freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium (Bate, Citation1868) are decapod crustaceans belonging to the family Palaemonidae. They are distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics on all continents except Europe (Holthuis, Citation1980). There are 240 species of freshwater prawns belonging to the genus Macrobrachium recorded in the world (Chen, Tsai, & Tzeng, Citation2009) and 19 species are found in Thailand. The most economically important species for Thailand include M. dienbienphuense (Dang & Nhuyen, Citation1972), M. niphanae (Shokita & Takeda, Citation1989), M. lanchesteri (De Man, 1911), M. sintangense (De Man, Citation1898) and M. rosenbergii decqueti (Sunier, Citation1925) (Uraiwan & Sodsuk, Citation2004). M. lanchesteri is small freshwater shrimp. Specimens are translucent and the distinctive feature is a straight rostrum (Samuel, Chong, & Khoo, Citation1988). M. lanchesteri is found in almost all types of freshwater habitats including lakes, rivers, swamps and ponds (Jongyotha, Citation2004). This species is widely distributed in Asia occurring in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Laos and Brunei (De Grave, Wowor, & Cai, Citation2013). M. lanchesteri is one of the five important economic species in Thailand, as well as in many Southeast Asian countries. In Northeastern Thailand, M. lanchesteri is an important economic resource for local people in rural areas (Uraiwan & Sodsuk, Citation2004). It is eaten as native food and used for cooking and processing in many forms such as shrimp paste, crispy shrimp, koi kung and kung jom which is a local delicacy in Northeastern Thailand and generates income of about 240,000 baht/year (Rottanapradap, Citation2013). Furthermore, M. lanchesteri plays an important role in the food chain ecosystem with aquatic economic value (Thongmee, Citation2012).
Currently, most shrimp are derived from natural water sources and shrimp farming is not widespread and this causes a shortage of shrimp. Shrimp aquaculture requires the initial selection of breeders and the use of external morphology only may cause discrepancies. Pollution in rivers has recently increased due to wastewater from manufacturing processes and wide geographical distribution. These changes may affect shrimp genetics. Therefore, DNA fingerprinting was investigated to study genetic variation.
Morphometrical methods were first introduced to study diversity. Morphometry is the process of measuring the external shape and dimensions of organisms and analysed by statistics (Daly, Citation1985). Later, various molecular biological techniques were used to study diversity. Molecular markers are a realistic and useful tool for the investigation of genetic conditions both in native populations and in captive lots (Alam & Islam, Citation2005). Use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in combination with restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) (Thaewnon-ngiew et al., Citation2004) has been favoured for identifying species origins of shrimp products as both methods are convenient and cost-effective. PCR-RFLP consists of amplification of DNA fragments followed by restriction enzyme treatment and electrophoretic separation.
Morphometrical research and genetic variation have been previously conducted on M. lanchesteri but scant data exist for Thai species, with no genetic information available for the M. lanchesteri population in Northeastern Thailand. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the morphometrics and genetic variation of M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand by PCR-RFLP and sequencing techniques to confirm identification as useful information for selection of breeders in commercial cultures and promote species conservation.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Sample collection and species identification
M. lanchesteri specimens were collected from 11 locations of natural water sources in Northeastern Thailand (Figure and Table ) between June 2016 and September 2017. All adult samples were collected using a shrimp trap. Specimens were preserved in 95% ethanol and stored at −20°C until used for DNA extraction. Specimens were identification according to (Cai & Dai, Citation1999; Chace & Bruce, Citation1993; Leelawathanagoon, Citation1975; Holthuis, Citation1950; Jivaluk & Suppakitratanakul, Citationn.d.; Uraiwan & Sodsuk, Citation2004).
Table 1. Collection localities of M. lanchesteri used in this study
Figure 1. Geographical location sites of M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand.
2.2. Water quality analysis
Water samples were collected from water sources in Northeastern Thailand. Sampling was conducted between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. based on weather conditions (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], Citation1982). Where only surface water was collected at each location. All sample bottles were stored in clean and dry plastic bottles with labeled, handled and transported following the developed protocols. Parameters of water quality analysis included color, pH, temperature, total hardness and dissolved oxygen. The experimental following APHA (Citation1989).
2.3. Morphometric analysis
A total of 1,100 samples (100 specimens/population as 50 males and 50 females) of M. lanchesteri were collected from 11 samples locations in Northeastern Thailand. Morphometric analyses were conducted for sex and five morphometric measurements including total length, carapace length, standard length, abdomen length and telson length using calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm. Morphometric data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of size for each population according to (Arshad, Amin, Izzah, Aziz, & Ara, Citation2013; Sokal & Rohlf, Citation1995; Zar, Citation1996)
2.4. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Genomic DNA was extracted from a piece of muscle tissue using a Phenol-Chloroform- Proteinase K method (Winnepenninckx, Backeljau, & De Wachter, Citation1993) and stored at 4°C until required. DNA fragments (710 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were amplified using primers LCO1490:5ʹ-GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3ʹ (Folmer et al., Citation1994). PCR amplification was carried out in a 50 µl reaction volume containing 10x buffer, 1 mM of each dNTP, 50 mM MgCl2, 0.5 µM of each primer and 1 unit of taq DNA Polymerase with DNA template and sterile water to a final volume of 50 µl. PCR was performed in a thermocycler (Omnigene, Hybrid) consisting of initial denaturation for 3 min at 94°C followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°C, 1 min at 45°C, 1 min at 72°C and a final extension for 7 min at 72°C. PCR products were checked using 1% agarose gels electrophoresis.
2.5. PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing
PCR products were used for restriction digestion analysis of five different restriction endonuclease enzymes: Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III. The digestions were separated by electrophoresis in 2.0% agarose gels and photographed under a UV-transilluminator. DNA sequencing was performed at 1st BASE (Malaysia), using the same primers as in the PCR.
Restriction profiles of COI were constructed using NTSYSpc software version 2.11 (Rohlf, Citation2004). All sequences were aligned using MegAlign, with checks and adjustments by eye using Bioedit v5.0.9 (Hall, Citation1999). The sequences of the COI genes were concatenated in the following analysis. The haplotype was calculated for each population using Arlequin version 3.1 (Excoffier, Laval, & Schneider, Citation2005). A phylogenetic tree of COI genes was constructed by the (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean) UPGMA method by MEGA (Tamura et al., Citation2011). The phylogenetic tree was measured by the bootstrap method with 1,000 replicates (Felsenstein, Citation1985).
3. Results
3.1. Water quality
Water quality analyses were conducted at Chaiyaphum (CP), Nakhon Ratchasima (NR), Khon Kaen (KK), Maha Sarakham (MS), Roi Et (RE), Nong Bua Lam Phu (NB), Buri Ram (BR), Surin (SR), Loei (L), Si Sa Ket (SK) and Nong Khai (NK). In the current research the water temperatures ranged from 25°C to 32°C, with a mean of 29.18°C. Maximum temperature was found in Maha Sarakham (MS) and Si Sa Ket (SK) with minimum was found in Nakhon Ratchasima (NR), pH values ranged from 6 to 9, with a mean of 7. The maximum was found in Nakhon Ratchasima (NR) and the minimum was found in Khon Kaen (KK), Surin (SR) and Buri Ram (BR). Total hardness ranged from 66 to 101 ml l−1, with a mean of 81.54 ml l−1. The maximum was found in Loei (L) and the minimum was found in Maha Sarakham (MS). Dissolved oxygen ranged from 5 to 7.0 ml l−1, with a mean of 6.04 ml l−1. The maximum was found in Nong Khai (NK) and the minimum was found in Chaiyaphum (CP) and Nakhon Ratchasima (NR) (Table ).
Table 2. Water quality analyses from 11 locations in Northeastern Thailand
3.2. Morphometric variation
Morphometric characters of M. lanchesteri for males among the five variables are shown as Mean±SD values and ranges in (Table ). Total length of the 550 individuals ranged from 1.40 to 4.30 cm with a mean of 2.79 ± 0.71 cm. Standard length ranged from 1.20 to 3.00 cm with a mean of 2.11 ± 0.40 cm. Carapace length ranged from 0.30 to 1.10 cm with a mean of 0.65 ± 0.21 cm. Abdomen length ranged from 0.70 to 2.00 cm with a mean of 1.47 ± 0.25 cm. Telson length ranged from 0.20 to 1.30 cm with a mean of 0.66 ± 0.28 cm. The ANOVA showed that M. lanchesteri males from 11 locations differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05).
Table 3. Morphometric characters for male of M. lanchesteri 11 locations in Northeastern Thailand
Morphometric characters of M. lanchesteri for females among the five variables are shown as Mean±SD values and ranges in (Table ). Total length of the 550 individuals ranged from 1.50 to 4.50 cm with a mean of 2.90 ± 0.70 cm. Standard length ranged from 1.40 to 3.50 cm with a mean of 2.20 ± 0.41 cm. Carapace length ranged from 0.30 to 1.30 cm with a mean of 0.69 ± 0.22 cm. Abdomen length ranged from 0.90 to 2.00 cm with a mean of 1.51 ± 0.25 cm. Telson length ranged from 0.20 to 1.30 cm with a mean of 0.71 ± 0.28 cm. The ANOVA showed that M. lanchesteri females from 11 locations differed significantly (p ≤ 0.05).
Table 4. Morphometric characters for female of M. lanchesteri 11 locations in Northeastern Thailand
Mean total lengths of the Nong Khai population were 3.50–4.30 cm and 3.50–4.50 cm for males and females, respectively. Males the minimum and maximum total lengths were 3.50 cm and 4.30 cm and female the minimum and maximum total lengths were 3.50 cm and 4.50 (Table ).
Table 5. Total length of M. lanchesteri 11 location in Northeastern Thailand
3.3. Genetic variation PCR-RFLP
The mtDNA was amplified using the COI primer obtained from 119 individuals of M. lanchesteri at 11 locations in Northeastern Thailand. The 710 bp PCR product of COI primer was found in all samples of M. lanchesteri and out group (Figure ) and then digested with five different restriction enzymes including Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III. PCR-RFLP patterns of amplified PCR products cleaved by Dde I(A), Alu I(B), Hinf I,(C) Bgl II(D) and Hae III(E) from M. lanchesteri digestion profiles of Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III were found as a single haplotype. A single haplotype of Dde I had 2 fragments bands include 450 and 350 bp (Figure )). The restriction pattern of Alu I had 3 fragments bands include 400, 350 and 300 bp (Figure )). The restriction pattern of Hinf I had 3 fragments bands include 300, 290 and 150 bp (Figure )). The restriction pattern of Bgl II had 1 fragments bands include 620 bp (Figure )) and the restriction pattern of Hae III had 2 fragments bands include 490 and 180 bp (Figure )).
Figure 2. The 710 bp PCR product using COI primer of M. lanchesteri (100 bp DNA ladder, lane1–11 = M. lanchesteri, lane 12 = M. rosenbergii (out group)).
Figure 3. PCR-RFLP pattern of COI primer digested with Dde I(a), Alu I(b), Hinf I(c), Bgl II(d) and Hae III(e) (lane1 = uncut, lane2–10 = M. lanchesteri, lane11 = M. rosenbergii).
The COI gene amplified products digested with Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III showed percentage of restriction patterns as 100 in M. lanchesteri which not difference in all M. lanchesteri samples but clear difference from the outgroup (Table ).
Table 6. Size of digested DNA fragments of M. lanchesteri and M. rosenbergii (out group) upon digestion with five restriction enzyme, Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III
In total two composite haplotypes of M. lanchesteri were found including AAAAA as 100% and composite haplotype of the out group (M. rosenbergii) as 100% (Table ).
Table 7. Molecular taxonomic key base on composite haplotypes of COI gene of M. lanchesteri and M. rosenbergii (out group) digested with Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III, respectively
3.4. Genetic variation DNA sequencing
The BLAST results for these sequences showed 100% similarity with M. lanchesteri (GenBank accession number AF088854). The COI gene can all be amplified clearly in these M. lanchesteri. A 710 bp fragment of mitochondrial COI gene was amplified. A total of 11 variable sites were detected from 119 individuals in Northeastern Thailand. A total of 10 haplotypes were identified among 119 sequences. Of these, 9 haplotypes were unique haplotype in Buri Ram (BR), Chaiyaphum (CP), Nakhon Ratchasima (NR), Maha Sarakham (MS), Loei (L), Nong Khai (NK), Nong Bua Lam Phu (NB), Si Sa Ket (SK), Surin (SR) and 1 haplotype were share haplotype in Khon Kaen (KK) and Roi Et (RE). The genetic distance in each population ranged from 0 in Khon Kaen (KK) and Roi Et (RE) to 0.035 in Buri Ram (BR) and Chaiyaphum (CP), with a mean of 0.014 (Table ).
Table 8. Genetic distance of M. lanchesteri based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene sequence
Phylogenetic tree analyses were conducted with COI sequences for the population of M. lanchesteri from Northeastern Thailand. A dendrogram was obtained using the UPGMA (unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average) (Figure ). The M. lanchesteri population was divided into two clades. Clade I contained Khon Kaen (KK), Roi Et (RE), Chaiyaphum (CP), Maha Sarakham (MS), Nakhon Ratchasima (NR) and Nong Khai (NK). Populations of Khon Kaen (KK), Roi Et (RE) and Nakhon Ratchasima (NR), Nong Khai (NK) were more closely related to each other than to individuals from clade I with a bootstrap value of 74%. When comparing all populations within clade I, Khon Kaen (KK), Roi Et (RE) and Chaiyaphum (CP) were more closely related to the Nong Khai (NK), Nakhon Ratchasima (NR) and Maha Sarakham (MS) populations with a bootstrap value of 96%. Clade II contained Buri Ram (BR), Nong Bua Lam Phu (NB), Loei (L), Si Sa Ket (SK) and Surin (SR). All populations were more closely related but the Buri Ram (BR) population separated from other populations with a bootstrap value of 76%. This study of M. rosenbergii was used as an out group for comparison.
Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree for M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand based on unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis of COI gene sequences. Numbers are significant values for 1000 bootstraps.
4. Discussion
4.1. Water quality
Water quality was analysed at the 11 locations in Northeastern Thailand using 4 parameters. Water temperature ranged from 25°C to 33°C, pH values ranged from 6 to 9, total hardness ranged from 64 to 101 ml l−1 and dissolved oxygen ranged from 4 to 7.5 ml l−1. The surface water quality standard defines water temperature range from 23°C to 32°C, pH value range from 5 to 9, total hardness range from 20 to 150 ml l−1 and dissolved oxygen not less than 3 ml l−1 (Academic papers, Inland fisheries research and development division). Water quality is an appropriate criterion for life in freshwater. Water sources found shrimp (M. lanchesteri) as a medium for good quality water source. If the water source is not clean, shrimp will not be found (Suvarnaraksha, Citation2016). Kukusamud, Khammeng, Suwanwerkamtorn, Viengyos, and Nontaso (Citation2006) analysed water quality index of Mun River water collected from 10 areas in Northeastern Thailand as mostly of moderate water quality. Piraonapicha (Citation2013) analysed the diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates and conducted a water quality assessment at Wang Tao Thap Lan National Park, Khon Buri District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province. They found that the study water source had high dissolved oxygen with good water quality. Mooyotha and Sangkaew (Citation2014) analysed water quality in Northeastern Thailand and found each water source at a fair level with similar water quality results. The quality of the water source changes according to the environment, pollution and discharge of waste.
4.2. Morphometric variation
The morphometric of M. lanchesteri was measured at 11 locations in Northeastern Thailand. The five morphological characteristics comprised total length, carapace length, standard length, abdomen length and telson length. Total size of M. lanchesteri from 11 locations ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 cm, 1.71 to 5.89 cm for M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand (Noiwangklang, Citation2001) and 1.0 to 5.6 cm for M. lanchesteri in Bangalore, South India (Raman, Reddy, & Shakuntala, Citation1986). For total length, highest size was found in Nong Khai ranging from 3.5 to 4.3 cm and 3.5 to 4.5 cm with means of 3.86 cm and 3.90 cm for males and females, respectively, while the Buri Ram population gave smallest size as 1.4 to 1.8 cm and 1.5 to 1.8 cm with means of 1.62 cm and 1.69 cm for males and females, respectively. Females were longer than males. Preecha, Jutagate, and Saowakoon (Citation2014) found that total length of M. lanchesteri females was longer than males in the Mekong River, Nong Khai. Olele, Fufeyin, and Okonkwo (Citation2012) also reported total length of M. vollenhovenii females as 10 cm with males as 9 cm. Results of ANOVA showed that M. lanchesteri size was significantly different (p≤ 0.05) among the 11 locations in Northeastern Thailand. Restricting sample comparisons to specific length classes might disregard ontogenetic changes within samples, which could be necessary for meaningful descriptions of morphometric differences (Bookstein et al., Citation1985; Chen et al., Citation2009). Environmental conditions, food availability and maturity may cause variation in morphological characteristics (Sinha, Citation1972).
4.3. Genetic variation
Our investigation, based on the analysis of a partial fragment of the mtDNA genes, is the first to describe using the PCR-RFLP and genetic variation of M. lanchesteri from Northeastern Thailand. PCR-RFLP techniques were used to analyse genetic variation of M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand. The mtDNA was amplified using COI gene and appropriated for PCR-RFLP of shrimp (Qing-yi, Qi-qun, & Wei-bing, Citation2009; Guerra et al., Citation2014; Vergamini et al., Citation2011). In this study, PCR products of the COI gene showed 710 bp in M. lanchesteri, comparable to the findings of Macrobrachium species (720 bp) (Qing-yi et al., Citation2009), Feneropenaeus chinensis (850 bp) (Li, Kong, Yu, Ma, & Chen, Citation2009), Macrobrachium amazonicum (569 bp) (Vergamini et al., 2011), Macrobrachium amazonicum and Macrobrachium jelskii (680 bp) (Guerra et al., Citation2014). Different of PCR products showed that each species of shrimp had a different sequence on the COI gene. M. lanchesteri and M. rosenbergii (out group) were obtained using five restriction enzymes as Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III were found a composite haplotype of one pattern as AAAAA while the frequency of all patterns was equal to 1.0. Previous studies in five penaeid shrimp using PCR-RFLP analysed species identification of five penaeid shrimp using PCR-RFLP the four restriction enzymes as Alu I, Ssp I, Vsp I and Dra I that could be isolated and confirm differences (Khamnamtong, Klinbunga, & Menasveta, Citation2005). Later, Reingchai, Sangthong, and Ngemsiri (Citation2009) analysed the genetic diversity of small freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium lanchesteri De Man, 1911) by PCR-RFLP technique using seven restriction enzymes as Hha I, Msp I, Alu I, Tru II, Rsa I, Hae III and Taq I they isolated the population structure of M. lanchesteri in Thailand. Our results of genetic variation of M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand using Dde I, Alu I, Hinf I, Bgl II and Hae III were unable to divide the genetic character differences of M. lanchesteri at each locations, possibly due to using few restriction enzymes or there is no separation of genetic characteristics in each location but there was a clear difference for M. rosenbergii (out group) M.lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand showed low genetic variation (maximum and minimum genetic distance = 0.035, 0, respectively). Nucleotide diversity in Northeastern Thailand of M. lanchesteri is a low genetic variation similar to other shrimp, such as Feneropenaeus chinensis (Li et al., Citation2009), Macrobrachium amazonicum and Macrobrachium jelskii (Guerra et al., Citation2014) Dendrogram analysis is important tool for studies that involve population and species (Cheng et al., Citation2007 & Pereira, Citation1997). In this study, phylogenetic tree analyses with COI sequences showed the population of M. lanchesteri from Northeastern Thailand. A dendrogram was obtained using UPGMA (unweighted pair group method using arithmetic average). The M. lanchesteri population was divided into two clades and both groups showed similar genetic relationships. However, the Buri Ram population gave a genetic relationship that was separated from other populations.
5. Conclusion
In conclusion, we found the population of M. lanchesteri in Northeastern Thailand had low genetic variation with no genetic isolates among M. lanchesteri recorded from different locations. However, the phylogenetic tree showed that all population had a close relationship apart from Buri Ram (BR) population which was separated. The mean length of M. lanchesteri females was higher than males in all locations. Individuals of M. lanchesteri from Nong Khai (NK) population were larger than other locations while the Buri Ram (BR) population recorded the smallest size. Further studies using samples to cover all location and using other genetic markers are required to more comprehensively understand genetic variation in M. lanchesteri.
Correction
This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Committee of the Oral Defense of the thesis for suggestions and the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University for providing laboratory space. We would like to thank Mr. Peter Charge for proofreading the manuscript.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Rawikarn Khanarnpai
Rawikarn Khanarnpai is a Ph.D. Student in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University. Her research involves Genetics and Identification of freshwater shrimp. She completed her Master Degree in genetic diversity of earthworms using PCR technique.
Bungorn Thaewnon-ngiw
Dr. Bungorn Thaewnon-ngiw has a Ph.D. in Biology with Genetics and Zoology. She is a lecturer in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University. Her research interests include Genetic diversity, Cell biology and Freshwater Biodiversity.
Bungon Kongim
Dr. Bungon Kongim has a Ph.D. in Biology with Genetics and Zoology. She is a lecturer in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, and is currently researching systematics and karyotypes of freshwater.
References
- Alam, S., & Islam, S. (2005). Population genetic structure of Catla catla (Hamilton) revealed by microsatellite DNA markers. Aquaculture, 246, 151–15.
- APHA. (1989). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (17th ed.). Washinton, DC: American Public Health Association.
- Arshad, A., Amin, S. M. N., Izzah, N., Aziz, D., & Ara, R. (2013). Morphometric variation among the populations of planktonic shrimp, Acetes japonicas in the west coast of peninsular Malaysia. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(2), 194–204.
- Bate, C. S. (1868). On a new genus, with four new species, of freshwater prawns. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1868, 363-368.
- Bookstein, F. L., Chernoff, B., Elder, R. L., Humphries, J. M., Smith, G. R., & Strauss, R. E. (1985). Morphometrics in evolutionary biology: The geometry of size and shape change with examples from fishes (15th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Academy of National sciences.
- Cai, Y, & Dai, Y. (1999). Freshwater shrimps (crustacea: decapoda: caridea) from the xishuangbanna region of yunan province, southern chaina. Hydrobiologia, 400, 211-241.
- Chace, F. A. Jr., & Bruce, A.J. (1993). The caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition 1907–1910, part 6: Superfamily Palaemonoidea. Smithsonian Contributions in Zoology, 543,1–152
- Chen, T. R., Tsai, T. C., & Tzeng, N. W. (2009). Freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium BATE, 1868) of TAIWAN with special references to their biogeographical origins and dispersion routes. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 29(2), 232–244.
- Cheng, Q. O, Fan, Q. G, Xia, L. J, & Huang, N. Y. (2007). Sequence analysis of mitochondrial 16s rrna gene of three species of macrobrachium. Nat.sci, 26, 1-6.
- Daly, H. V. (1985). Insect morphometric. Annual Review of Entomology, 30, 415–438.
- Dang, N. T., & Nhuyen, H. Y. (1972). Tom nuoc ngot giong macrobrachium bate (palaemonidae) cac thuy vuc vung nui mien bac viet nam. Tap San Sinh Vat-dia Hoc, 10, 1–4.
- De Grave, S., Wowor, D., & Cai, Y. (2013). Macrobrachium lanchesteri. The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2018. 2. Retrieved from https://www.iucnredlist.org
- De Man, J.G. (1898). Macrura. zoological results of the dutch scientfic expeditionto central borneo. Note from The Leiden Museam, 20, 137–161.
- Excoffier, L., Laval, G., & Schneider, S. (2005). Arlequin (Version 3.0): An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, 1, 47–50.
- Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution, 39, 783–791.
- Fernanda, G. V., Leonardo, G. P., & Fernando, L. M. (2011). Genetic variability of the Amazon river prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda, Caridea, Palaemonidae). Contribution to Zoology, 80(11), 67–83.
- Folmer, O, Black, M, Hoeh, W, Lutz, R, & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994). Dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3(5), 294-299.
- Guerra, A. L., Lima, A. V. B., Lucato, R. V., Chiachio, M. C., Taddei, F. G., & Castiglion, L. (2014). Genetic variability and phylogenetic aspects in species of the genus Macrobrachium. Genetics and Molecular Research, 13(2), 3646–3655.
- Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: A user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series, 41, 95–98.
- Holthuis, L. B. (1950). The decapoda of the siboga expedition X palaemoninae. Siboga Expedition Monograph, 39a9, 1–268.
- Holthuis, L. B. (1980). Shrimp and prawns of the world an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries. FAO Fisheries Symposium, 1, 125, 1–261.
- Jivaluk, J., & Suppakitratanakul, P. (n.d.) Shrimp genus Macrobrachium found in Northeastern Thailand. Thailand: Inland Fisheries Research and Development Division, University of Suan Sunandha Rajabhat.
- Jongyotha, S. (2004). Some factors relating to productivity of mass culture of Lanchester’s freshwater prawn, (Macrobrachium lanchesteri de Man, 1911) (MSc., Thesis). University of Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Khamnamtong, B., Klinbunga, S., & Menasveta, P. (2005). Species identification of five penaeid shrimps using CR-RFLP and SSCP analyses of 16S ribosomal DNA. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 38(4), 491–499.
- Kukusamud, C., Khammeng, T., Suwanwerkamtorn, R., Viengyos, D., & Nontaso, N. (2006). Water quality assessment project using information system geography for the Mekong basin. Thailand: University of Khon Kaen.
- Leelawathanagoon, P. (1975). Taxonomy of palaemonid shrimps in thailand. Thailand:M. S. Thesis) University of Chulalongkorn.
- Li, Y. L., Kong, X. Y., Yu, Z. N., Ma, S., & Chen, L. M. (2009). Genetic diversity and historical demography of Chinese shrimp Feneropenaeus chinensis in Yellow sea and Bohai sea based on mitochondrial DNA analysis. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(7), 1193–1202.
- Mooyotha, N., & Sangkaew, S. (2014). Water quality assessment based on multiple criteria decision marking in northeast of Thailand (B.Sc., Thesis). University of Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Noiwangklang, W. (2001). Taxonomy of freshwater shrimps in genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 in river basin of the Northeastern Thailand (M.S., thesis). University of Chulalongkorn, Thailand.
- Olele, F. N., Fufeyin, T. P., & Okonkwo, C. J. (2012). Reproductive biology of freshwater prawn Macrobrachium vollenhovenii (Herklot, 1857) caught in warri river. Banat’Journal of Biotechnology, 3(6), 86–96.
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (1982). Eutrophication of waters, monitoring, assessment and control. Paris: Auhor.
- Pereira, G. (1997). A cladistic analysis of the freshwater shrimp of the family palaemonidae (crustacea, decapoda). Acta Biol. Venezuelica, 17, 1-69.
- Piraonapicha, K. (2013). Diversity of benthic macro invertebrates and water quality assessment at Wang Tao Thap Lan National Park, Khon Buri District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province (B.Sc. biology). University of Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat, Thailand.
- Preecha, C., Jutagate, T., & Saowakoon, S. (2014). Population dynamics of freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium lanchesteri De Man, 1911) in the Mekong river, NongKhai province. Journal of Fisheries Technology Research, 8(2), 59–72.
- Qing-yi, Z., Qi-qun, C., & Wei-bing, G. (2009). Mitochondrial COI gene sequence variation and taxonomic status of three Macrobrachium species. Zoological Research, 30(6), 613–619.
- Raman, K. V. A., Reddy, S. R., & Shakuntala, K. (1986). Distribution and abundance of prawns in the freshwater habitats of Bangalore, South India. Proceeding Indian Academy of sciences (pp. 77–87). India.
- Reingchai, W., Sangthong, P., & Ngemsiri, L. (2009). Genetic diversity of small freshwater shrimps (Macrobrachium lanchesteri De Man). Proceedings of 47th Kasetsart University Annual Conference: Natural Resources and Environment (pp. 273–281). Thailand.
- Rohlf, F. (2004). “NTSYS-pc numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system” version 2.11T. New York: Exeter Software.
- Rottanapradap, A. (2013). Food products from local wisdom: A case study of products from shrimp dip in prakhonchai district, Buri Ram Province (M.A., Thesis). University of Buri Ram Rajabhat, Thailand.
- Samuel, S., Chong, C., & Khoo, H. W. (1988). The identity of Macrobrachium lanchesteri (De Man, 1911) (Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, and a description of its first zoea. crustaceana, 54(2), 196–206.
- Shokita, S, & Takeda, M. (1989). A new freshwater prawn of the genus macrobrachium (decapoda, caridea, palaemonidae) from thailand, bullentin of the national science museum, tokyo, series a (zoology). 15, 147-154.
- Sinha, A. K. (1972). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47, 389–394.
- Sokal, R. R., & Rohlf, J. (1995). Biometry (3 ed., pp. 887). New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
- Sunier, A. L. J. (1925). Twee mededeelingen over Palaemoniden. Tijdschrift Nederlandsche Dierkun dige Vereeniging, 19(2), cxv-cxvii
- Suvarnaraksha, A. (2016). Spinach shrimp. Maejo Vision, 17(3), 14–19.
- Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2011). MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28(10), 2731–2739.
- Thaewnon-ngiew, B., klinbunga, S., Phanwichien, K., Sangduen, N., Lauhajinda, N., & Menareta, P. (2004). Genetic diversity and molecular markers of introduced and native apple snail (Genera Pomacea and Pila) in Thailand. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 37, 493–502.
- Thongmee, B. (2012). Commercial freshwater shrimp farming (Documentation, training and practice). University of Maejo university, Thailand. doi:10.1094/PDIS-11-11-0999-PDN
- Uraiwan, S., & Sodsuk, P. (2004). The Macrobrahium culture industry in Thailand. SEAFDEC/AQD Institutional Reposition (SAIR), 27–41.
- Vergamini, G.F, Pileggi, G.L, & Mantelatto, L. F. (2011). Variability of the amazon river prawn macrobrachium amazonicum (decapoda, caridea, palaemonidae). Contribution to Zoology, 80(11), 67-83.
- Winnepenninckx, B., Backeljau, T., & De Wachter, R. (1993). Extraction of high molecular weight DNA from molluscs. Trends in Genetics, 9, 407.
- Zar, J. (1996). Biostatistical analysis (3 ed., pp. 662). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.