Perspectives on non-financial conflicts of interest in health-related journals: A scoping review

Figures & data

Table 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Criteria for Inclusion	Criteria for Exclusion
a) Published in Englishb) Published between 1970 and 2023c) Full text of the article explicitly mentions, at least one of the following: Definition of non-financial COI Evaluation of non-financial COI Management strategies for non-financial COI	a) The article is not peer reviewed

Table 2. Data charting form.

General Information	First author’s last name and initial
	Journal
	Year of Publication
	Type of publication (research, editorial, commentary)
	DOI
Domain	Research
	Publication
	Clinical practice
	Policy (e.g., health technology assessment, regulation, funding, guideline dev)
	Education (undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing professional education)
Level at which COI occurs	Individual
	Institutional
Definition of non-financial COI	Definition of non-financial COI
Views about non-financial COI	Are non-financial COI problematic? Why/why not?
Management of non-financial COI	Should non-financial COI be identified, appraised and managed?
	If yes, then how? If no, why?

Figure 1. Article review flow diagram.

Table 3. Characteristics of 190 included studies.

Characteristics	No (%)
Publication type:
Empirical research	42 (22)
Theoretical research	29 (15)
“Other” articles (opinion, debate, perspectives)	34 (18)
Editorials	32 (17)
Letters	19 (10)
Reviews	17 (9)
Feature articles	12 (6)
Policy articles	5 (3)
Domains:*
Research	68 (36)
Publication	55 (29)
Clinical practice	32 (17)
Policy	28 (15)
Education	4 (2)
Medicine broadly	20 (10)
Level of nfCOI:
Individual	154 (81)
Institutional	1 (0.5)
Both	35 (18)
Definition of COI:
No definition	77 (41)
IOM definition	44 (23)
Other definition	60 (32)
Multiple definitions critiqued	9 (5)
Management of nfCOI:
Yes	104 (55)
No	21 (11)
Neutral	24 (13)
No recommendation made	41 (22)

*Multiple domains were identified, therefore numbers do not add up to 100%.

Table 4. Overview of key claims made by articles.

Areas explored	Examples of articles which made these claims
Definition of nfCOI
No definition provided	Citrome (2015); Durbin (2008); Jeeves, Drummond, and Reeves (2005); Harbour (2014); Resnik et al. (2017)
IOM definition	Abdoul et al. (2012); Abbas et al. (2018); Bero and Grundy (2016); Borysowski, Lewis, and Górski (2021); Daou et al. (2018);El Moheb et al.(2021)
Different definition provided	Bou-Karroum et al. (2018); Boyd et al. (2012); Korzick and Terry (1995); Morris (1994); Rohwer et al. (2017); Stead (2017); Vandvik et al. (2018)
Multiple definitions critiqued	Kaur and Balan (2015); Bion (2009); da Silva et al. (2019); Goldberg (2020); Grundy (2021)
Types of nfCOI discussed
Belief and viewpoint based	Twisselmann (2018); Cook (2009); Seshia et al. (2014); Khamis et al. (2017); Shawwa et al. (2016); Daou et al. (2018); Guibilini and Savulescu (2020)
Career related	Epstein (2007); Flier (2017); Levinsky (2002); Pellegrino (1992); Schmiedeke et al. (2019); American College of Emergency Physicians (2017); Neumann et al. (2013); Østengaard et al. (2020)
Interpersonal	Epstein (2007); Shawwa et al. (2016); Daou et al. (2018); Bero and Grundy (2016); Khamis et al. (2017); Marcovitch et al. (2010)
Research related	PLoS Med Editors (2009); Ioannidis and Trepanowski (2018a, 2018b); Werhane and Doering (1996)
Status related	Brody (2011); Hurst and Mauron (2008); Galea (2018); da Silva et al. (2019); Clark et al. (2015); DiRisio et al. (2019); Wiersma et al. (2020); Williams et al. (2017)
Views about the significance of nfCOI
nfCOI are problematic	Williams-Jones (2011); Quaia (2023); Resnik (2023); West (2009); Detsky (2006); DiRisio et al. (2019); Saver (2012); Radan (2021); Akl et al. (2022); Montgomery and Weisman (2021); Chimonas et al. (2021)
nfCOI are not problematic	Lenzer and Brownlee (2015); Bero (2014); Rodwin (2017); Goldberg (2020); Garattini, Padula, and Mannucci (2020)
Management of nfCOI
nfCOI should be managed	Lieb et al. (2016); King et al. (1997); Lederer (2007); Simper (2015); Kirkpatrick, Kadakia, and Vargas (2012); Hakoum et al. (2016); Hakoum et al. (2020); Hakoum et al. (2017); Yu et al. (2020)
nfCOI should not be managed	Brody (2010); Cohen (2001); Thompson (1993); Garattini, Padula, and Mannucci (2020); Garattini and Padula (2019); Rodwin (2017); Cook (2009); Bero (2014)
nf interests should not be managed as COI	Bero (2014); Bero and Grundy (2016); Bero (2017); Bero and Grundy 2018; Grundy et al. (2020); Hanson et al. (2009); Rivera and Panduro (2018); Rodwin (2017); Grundy, Mazzarello, and Bero (2020); Grundy (2021)
No management recommendations made	Kottow (2010); Krimsky and Sweet (2009); Nejstgaard et al. (2020); Zhu and Sun (2019)

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