374
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Perspectives on non-financial conflicts of interest in health-related journals: A scoping review

, &
Received 23 Jan 2024, Accepted 26 Mar 2024, Published online: 11 Apr 2024

References

  • Abbas, M., D. Pires, A. Peters, C. Morel, S. Hurst, H. Holmes, H. Saito, B. Allegranzi, J. Lucet, W. Zingg, S. Harbarth, and D. Pittet. 2018. “Conflicts of Interest in Infection Prevention and Control Research: No Smoke without Fire. A Narrative Review.” Intensive Care Medicine 44 (10): 1679–1690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5361-z.
  • Abdoul, H., C. Perrey, F. Tubach, P. Amiel, I. Durand-Zaleski, and C. Alberti. 2012. “Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest in Academic Grant Evaluation: A Qualitative Study of Multiple Stakeholders in France.” PLoS One 7 (4): e35247. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035247.
  • Akl, E. A., P. El-Hachem, H. Abou-Haidar, I. Neumann, H. J. Schunemann, and G. H. Guyatt. 2014. “Considering Intellectual, in Addition to Financial, Conflicts of Interest Proved Important in a Clinical Practice Guideline: A Descriptive Study.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 67 (11): 1222–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.05.006.
  • Akl, E. A., M. Hakoum, A. Khamis, J. Khabsa, M. Vassar, and G. Guyatt. 2022. “A Framework is Proposed for Defining, Categorizing, and Assessing Conflicts of Interest in Health Research.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 149:236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.06.001.
  • Akl, E. A., R. Karl, and G. H. Guyatt. 2012. “Methodologists and Context Experts Disagreed Regarding Managing Conflicts of Interest of Clinical Practice Guidelines Panels.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 65 (7): 734–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.12.013.
  • Alexander, P., R. J. S. Gionfriddo, I. Neumann, J. P. Brito, B. Djulbegovic, V. M. Montori, H. J. Schunemann, and G. H. Guyatt. 2016. “Senior GRADE Methodologists Encounter Challenges as Part of WHO Guideline Development Panels: An Inductive Content Analysis.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 70:123–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.09.003.
  • Allison, D. B. 2009. “The Antidote to Bias in Research.” Science 326 (5952): 522–523. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.326_522b.
  • American College of Emergency Physicians. 2017. “Conflict of Interest.” Annals of Emergency Medicine 70 (1): 3.
  • Ancker, J. S., and A. Flanagin. 2007. “A Comparison of Conflict of Interest Policies at Peer-Reviewed Journals in Different Scientific Disciplines.” Science and Engineering Ethics 1 (2): 147–157.
  • Annane, D., and B. Chapentier. 2018. “Do I have a Conflict of Interest? Yes.” Intensive Care Medicine 44 (3): 1741–1743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5285-7.
  • Annane, D., N. Lerolle, S. Meuris, J. Sibilla, and K. M. Olsen. 2019. “Academic Conflict of Interest.” Intensive Care Medicine 45 (1): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5458-4.
  • Anstey, A. 2015. “Conflicts and Heuristics in Dermatology: Time to Ask Ourselves, ‘What Might I do in this Situation?” The British Journal of Dermatology 173 (3): 631–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14060.
  • Arksey, H., and L. O’Malley. 2005. “Scoping Studies: Towards a Methodological Framework.” International Journal of Social Research Methodology 8 (1): 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616.
  • Babor, T., and P. Miller. 2014. “McCarthyism, Conflict of Interest and Addiction’s New Transparency Declaration Procedures.” Addiction 109 (3): 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.12384.
  • Bauchner, H., P. Fontanarosa, and A. Flanagin. 2018. “Conflicts of Interests, Authors, and Journals: New Challenges for a Persistent Problem.” JAMA 320 (22): 4.
  • Bernstein, J. 2013. “Everyone (Else) Is Conflicted.” Clin Orthop Relat Res 471 (8): 2434–2438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-3071-y.
  • Bero, L. 2014. “What is in a Name? Nonfinancial Influences on the Outcomes of Systematic Reviews and Guidelines.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 67 (11): 1239–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.06.015.
  • Bero, L. 2017. “Addressing Bias and Conflict of Interest Among Biomedical Researchers.” JAMA 317 (17): 2.
  • Bero, L. A., and Q. Grundy. 2016. “Why Having a (Nonfinancial) Interest is not a Conflict of Interest.” PLoS Biology 14 (12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001221.
  • Bero, L., and Q. Grundy. 2018. “Not All Influences on Science are Conflicts of Interest.” American Journal of Public Health 108 (5): 632–633. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304334.
  • Bion, J. 2009. “Financial and Intellectual Conflicts of Interest: Confusion and Clarity.” Current Opinion in Critical Care 15 (6): 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0b013e328332f53a.
  • Biswas, T. 2013. “Understanding Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest.” Indian Pediatrics 50 (3): 347–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-013-0082-4.
  • Borysowski, J., A. Lewis, and A. Górski. 2021. “Conflicts of Interest in Oncology Expanded Access Studies.” International Journal of Cancer 149 (10): 1809–1816. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33733.
  • Bosch, X., J. Pericas, C. Hernández, and P. Doti. 2013. “Financial, Nonfinancial and editors’ Conflicts of Interest in High‐Impact Biomedical Journals.” European Journal of Clinical Investigation 43 (7): 660–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.12090.
  • Bou-Karroum, L., M. B. Hakoum, M. Z. Hammoud, A. M. Khamis, M. Al-Gibbawi, S. Badour, D. Justina Hasbani, L. Lopes, H. El-Rayess, F. El-Jardali, G. Guyatt, and E. Akl. 2018. “Reporting of Financial and Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest in Systematic Reviews on Health Policy and Systems Research: A Cross Sectional Survey.” International Journal of Health Policy and Management 7 (8): 711–717. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.146.
  • Boyd, E., E. A. Akl, M. Baumann, J. R. Curtis, M. J. Field, R. Jaeschke, M. Osborne, H. J. Schunemann, and Ats Ers Ad Hoc Committee on Integrating, and Copd Guideline Development Coordinating Efforts in. 2012. “Guideline Funding and Conflicts of Interest: Article 4 in Integrating and Coordinating Efforts in COPD Guideline Development. An Official ATS/ERS Workshop Report.” Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 9 (5): 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.201208-057ST.
  • Braillon, A. 2018. “Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest: Moving Forward!” Accountability in Research 25 (5): 310. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2018.1476144.
  • Brody, H. 2010. “Professional Medical Organizations and Commercial Conflicts of Interest: Ethical Issues.” Annals of Family Medicine 8 (4): 354–358. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1140.
  • Brody, H. 2011. “Clarifying Conflict of Interest.” The American Journal of Bioethics 11 (1): 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2010.534530.
  • Brown, A., J. Ioannidis, C. Cope, D. Bier, and D. Allison. 2014. “Unscientific Beliefs About Scientific Topics in Nutrition.” Advances in Nutrition 5 (5): 3. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.114.006577.
  • Caplan, A. 2007. “Halfway There: The Struggle to Manage Conflicts of Interest.” Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 (3): 2.
  • Caplan, A. 2012. “Is Industry Money the Root of All Conflicts of Interets in Biomedical Research?” Annals of Emergency Medicine 59 (2): 2.
  • Charmaz, K. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: APractical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Great Britain: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Cherla, D. C., O. Viso, A. Olavarria, K. Bernardi, J. Holihan, K. Mueck, J. Flores-Gonzalez, M. Liang, and S. Adams. 2018. “The Impact of Financial Conflict of Interest on Surgical Research: An Observational Study of Published Manuscripts.” World Journal of Surgery 42 (9): 2757–2762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-018-4532-y.
  • Chimonas, S., M. Mamoor, S. A. Zimbalist, B. Barrow, P. B. Bach, and D. Korenstein. 2021. “Mapping Conflict of Interests: Scoping Review.” BMJ-British Medical Journal 375. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-066576.
  • Citrome, L. 2015. “Conflicts of Interest: A Matter of Transparency.” International Journal of Clinical Practice 69 (3): 267–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12638.
  • Clark, A., A. Choby, K. Ainsworth, and D. Thompson. 2015. “Addressing Conflict of Interest in Non-Pharmacological Research.” International Journal of Clinical Practice 69 (3): 3.
  • Cohen, J. 2001. “Trust us to Make a Difference: Ensuring Confidence in the Integrity of Clinical Research.” Academic Medicine 76 (2): 7.
  • Colquhoun, H. K. C., K. W. Eva, J. M. Grimshaw, N. Ivers, S. Michie, A. Sales, and J. C. Brehaut. 2017. “Advancing the Literature on Designing Audit and Feedback Interventions: Identifying Theory-Informed Hypotheses.” Implementation Science 12 (1): 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0646-0.
  • Cook, C. 2009. “Perspectives of Beliefs and Values Are Not Conflicts of Interest.” Addiction 105 (4): 760–761. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02921.
  • Daou, K. N., M. B. Hakoum, A. M. Khamis, L. Bou-Karroum, A. Ali, J. R. Habib, A. T. Semaan, G. Guyatt, and E. A. Akl. 2018. “Public Health journals’ Requirements for Authors to Disclose Funding and Conflicts of Interest: A Cross-Sectional Study.” BMC Public Health 18 (1): 533. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5456-z.
  • da Silva, J., J. Dobranszki, R. Bhar, and C. Mehlman. 2019. “Editors should Declare Conflicts of Interest.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 16:19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-019-09908-2.
  • Dellinger, R., and C. Durbin. 2007. “Reply Letter.” Critical Care Medicine 35 (11): 2.
  • Detsky, A. 2006. “Sources of Bias for Authors of Clinical Practice Guidelines.” CMAJ 175 (9): 1.
  • DiRisio, A. C., I. S. Muskens, D. J. Cote, M. Babu, W. B. Gormley, T. R. Smith, W. A. Moojen, and M. L. Broekman. 2019. “Oversight and Ethical Regulation of Conflicts of Interest in Neurosurgery in the United States.” Neurosurgery 84 (2): 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyy227.
  • Donaldson, C. M. 2019. “Conflict of Interest Blind Spots in Emergency Medicine: Ideological and Financial Conflicts of Interest in the Gender Bias Literature.” Academic Emergency Medicine 26 (11): 1300–1302. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13829.
  • Dunn, A., E. Coiera, K. Mandl, and F. Bourgeois. 2016. “Conflict of Interest Disclosure in Biomedical Research: A Review of Current Practices, Biases, and the Role of Public Registries in Improving Transparency.” Research Integrity and Peer Review 1 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41073-016-0006-7.
  • Durbin, C. 2008. “When does a Point of View Become an Intellectual Conflict of Interest? Author’s Reply.” Critical Care Medicine 36 (5): 1688. author reply 1688–1689. https://doi.org/10.1097/CCM.0b013e318171045d.
  • Editors, N. 2018. “Outside interests.” Nature 554 (7690): 1.
  • Editors, P. M. 2008. “Making Sense of Non-Financial Competing Interests.” PLoS Medicine 5 (9): e199. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050199.
  • Editors, P. M. 2009. “An Unbiased Scientific Record Should Be everyone’s Agenda.” PLoS Medicine 6 (2): e1000038. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000038.
  • El Moheb, M., B. S. Karam, L. Assi, M. Armache, A. M. Khamis, and E. A. Akl. 2021. “The Policies for the Disclosure of Funding and Conflict of Interest in Surgery Journals: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” World Journal of Surgery 45 (1): 97–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-020-05771-0.
  • Epstein, R. A. 2007. “Conflicts of Interest in Health Care: Who Guards the Guardians?” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 50 (1): 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2007.0002.
  • Etzel, R., P. G. Szilagyi, W. Cooper, B. P. Dreyer, C. B. Forrest, D. P. McCormick, J. Serwint, et al. 2005. “Ambulatory Pediatric Association Policy Statement: Ensuring Integrity for Research with Children.” Ambulatory Pediatrics Association Research Committee (2003-2004) 5 (1): 3–5. https://doi.org/10.1367/1539-4409(2005)5<3:APAPSE>2.0.CO;2.
  • Fauser, B. C. J. M., and N. S. Macklon. 2019. “May the Colleague Who Truly Has No Conflict of Interest Now Please Stand Up!” Reproductive BioMedicine Online 39 (4): 541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.09.001.
  • Fava, G. 2010. “Unmasking Special Interest Groups: The Key to Addressing Conflicts of Interest in Medicine.” Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 79 (4): 6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000313688.
  • Flier, J. 2017. “Conflict of Interest Among Medical School Faculty Achieving a Coherent and Objective Approach.” JAMA 317 (17): 2.
  • Galea, S. 2018. “A Typology of Nonfinancial Conflict in Population Health Research.” American Journal of Public Health 108 (5): 631–632. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304333.
  • Garattini, L., and A. Padula. 2019. “Conflicts of Interest Disclosure: Striking a Balance.” The European Journal of Health Economics 20:4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-018-1028-.
  • Garattini, L., A. Padula, and P. M. Mannucci. 2020. “Conflicts of Interest in Medicine: A Never-Ending Story.” Internal and Emergency Medicine 15 (3): 357–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02293-4.
  • Gasparyan, A. Y., L. Ayvazyan, N. A. Akazhanov, and G. D. Kitas. 2013. “Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Publications: Considerations for Authors, Peer Reviewers, and Editors.” Croatian Medical Journal 54 (6): 600–608. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2013.54.600.
  • Geiderman, J. M., K. V. Iserson, C. A. Marco, J. Jesus, and A. Venkat. 2017. “Conflicts of Interest in Emergency Medicine.” Academic Emergency Medicine 24 (12): 1517–1526. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13253.
  • Ghinea, N., M. Wiersma, I. Kerridge, and W. Lipworth. 2020. “Are My Religious Beliefs anyone’s Business? A Framework for Declarations in Health and Biomedicine.” Journal of Medical Ethics 27:27. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106087.
  • Gjersvik, P. 2015. “Conflicts of Interest in Medical Publishing: It’s All About Trustworthiness.” The British Journal of Dermatology 173 (5): 1255–1257. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14157.
  • Goldberg, D. 2020. “Financial Conflicts of Interest Are of Higher Ethical Priority Than ‘Intellectual’ Conflicts of Interest.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-09989-4.
  • Goldrick, B., E. Larson, and D. Lyons. 1994. “Conflict of Interest in Academia.” Journal of Nursing Scholarship 27 (1): 65–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.1995.tb00816.x.
  • Goozner, M., A. Caplan, J. Moreno, B. S. Kramer, T. F. Babor, and W. C. Husser. 2009. “A Common Standard for Conflict of Interest Disclosure in Addiction Journals.” Addiction 104 (11): 1779–1784. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02594.x.
  • Graham, T., P. Alderson, and T. Stokes. 2015. “Managing Conflicts of Interest in the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Clinical Guidelines Programme: Qualitative Study.” PLoS One 10:3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122313.
  • Griebenow, R., C. Campbell, A. Qaseem, S. Hayes, J. Gordon, L. Michalis, H. Weber, E. Pozniak, and R. Schäfer. 2015. “Proposal for a Graded Approach to Disclosure of Interests in Accredited CME/CPD.” Journal of European CME 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.3402/jecme.v4.29894.
  • Grundy, Q. 2021. “A Politics of Objectivity: Biomedicine’s Attempts to Grapple with “Non-financial” Conflicts of Interest.” Science and Engineering Ethics 27:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-021-00315-8.
  • Grundy, Q., C. Mayes, K. Holloway, S. Mazzarello, B. D. Thombs, and L. Bero. 2020. “Conflict of Interest as Ethical Shorthand: Understanding the Range and Nature of “Non-Financial Conflict of interest” in Biomedicine.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 120:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.12.014.
  • Grundy, Q., S. Mazzarello, and L. Bero. 2020. “A Comparison of Policy Provisions for Managing “Financial” and “Non-financial” Interests Across Health-Related Research Organizations: A Qualitative Content Analysis.” A Ccountability in Research 27 (4): 212–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2020.1748015.
  • Gruppen, L., W. Rogers, O. ten Cate, D. Brewster, K. Calman, R. Cruess, and A. Supe. 2008. “Reporting Conflicts of Interest: Clarifying the Grey Areas.” Medical Education 42 (7): 650–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2008.03082.x.
  • Guibilini, A., and J. Savulescu. 2020. “Beyond Money: Conscientious Objection in Medicine As a Conflict of Interest.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17:229–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-09976-9.
  • Guyatt, G., E. Akl, J. Hirsch, C. Kearon, M. Crowther, D. Gutterman, S. Lewis, I. Nathanson, R. Jaeschke, and H. Schunemann.2010. “The Vexing Problem of Guidelines and Conflict of Interest: A Potential Solution.” Annals of Internal Medicine 152 (11): 5. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-11-201006010-00254.
  • Hakoum, M. B., S. Anouti, M. Al-Gibbawi, E. A. Abou-Jaoude, D. J. Hasbani, L. C. Lopes, A. Agarwal, G. Guyatt, and E. A. Akl. 2016. “Reporting of Financial and Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest by Authors of Systematic Reviews: A Methodological Survey.” BMJ Open 1 (8): e011997. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011997.
  • Hakoum, M. B., L. Bou-Karroum, M. Al-Gibbawi, A. M. Khamis, A. S. Raslan, S. Badour, A. Agarwal. 2020. “Reporting of Conflicts of Interest by Authors of Primary Studies on Health Policy and Systems Research: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” British Medical Journal Open 10 (7): e032425. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032425.
  • Hakoum, M. B., N. Jouni, E. A. Abou-Jaoude, D. J. Hasbani, E. A. Abou-Jaoude, L. C. Lopes, M. Khaldieh. 2017. “Authors of Clinical Trials Reported Individual and Financial Conflicts of Interest More Frequently Than Institutional and Nonfinancial Ones: A Methodological Survey.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1:78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.04.002.
  • Hansen, C., L. Bero, A. Hrobjartsson, A. W. Jorgensen, K. J. Jorgensen, M. Le, and A. Lundh. 2019. “Conflicts of Interest and Recommendations in Clinical Guidelines, Opinion Pieces, and Narrative Reviews (Protocol)”. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019(10). (no pagination) (MR000040). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000040.pub2.
  • Hanson, K., L. Gilson, C. Goodman, and A. Mills. 2009. “The Fallacy of Competing Interest Statements: No Shortcut to Rigour in Research.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 102 (4): 126. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k016.
  • Harbour, R. T. 2014. “What About Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest?” BMJ 348:g1154. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1154.
  • Hirsch, J., and G. Guyatt. 2009. “Methodologists are not Qualified to Write Clinical Guidelines – Authors’ Reply.” Lancet 374 (9698): 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61819-5.
  • Horrobin, D. 1999. “Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest are More Serious Than Financial Conflicts.” BMJ 318 (1): 466.
  • Horton, R. 1997. “Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research: Opprobrium or Obsession?” Lancet 349 (9059): 1112–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)22016-7.
  • Hurst, S., and A. Mauron. 2008. “A Question of Method - the Ethics of Managing Conflicts of Interest.” EMBO Reports 9 (2): 119–123: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.embor.2008.4.
  • Ioannidis, J. P., and J. Trepanowski. 2018a. “In Reply.” JAMA 320 (1): 2.
  • Ioannidis, J. P. A., and J. F. Trepanowski. 2018b. “Disclosures in Nutrition Research: Why it is Different.” JAMA 319 (6): 547–548. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.18571.
  • Jansen, L., and D. Sulmasy. 2003. “Bioethics, Conflicts of Interest, and the Limits of Transparency.” The Hastings Center Report 33 (4): 4.
  • Jeeves, C. L., C. W. E. Drummond, and D. S. Reeves. 2005. “Conflicts of Interest/Transparency Declarations: New Policy.” The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 56 (4): 609–610. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki313.
  • Johnson, J., and W. Rogers. 2014. “Joint Issues - Conflicts of Interest, the ASR Hip and Suggestions for Managing Surgical Conflicts of Interest.” BMC Medical Ethics 15:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-15-63.
  • Jones, D. J., A. N. Barkun, Y. Lu, R. Enns, P. Sinclair, M. Martel, I. Gralnek, M. Bardou, E. J. Kuipers, and J. Sung. 2012. “Conflicts of Interest Ethics: Silencing Expertise in the Development of International Clinical Practice Guidelines.” Annals of Internal Medicine 156 (11): 809–816, w–283. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-156-11-201206050-00008.
  • Kassirer, J., and M. Angell. 1993. “Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research.” NEJM 329 (8): 2. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM19930819329081.
  • Kaur, S., and S. Balan. 2015. “Towards a Balanced Approach to Identifying Conflicts of Interest Faced by Institutional Review Boards.” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 36 (5): 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11017-015-9339-3.
  • Kesselheim, A. S., J. L. Lee, J. Avorn, A. Servi, W. H. Shrank, and N. K. Choudhry. 2012. “Conflict of Interest in Oncology Publications a Survey of Disclosure Policies and Statements.” Cancer 118 (1): 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26237.
  • Kesselheim, A. S., and W. H. Maisel. 2010. “Managing Financial and Nonfinancial Conflicts of Interest in Healthcare Delivery.” American Journal of Therapeutics 17 (4): 440–443. https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181d01cae.
  • Khamis, A. M., M. B. Hakoum, L. Bou-Karroum, J. R. Habib, A. Ali, G. Guyatt, F. El-Jardali, and E. A. Akl. 2017. “Requirements of Health Policy and Services Journals for Authors to Disclose Financial and Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest: A Cross-Sectional Study.” Health Research Policy & Systems/BioMed Central 15 (1): 80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-017-0244-2.
  • King, C., D. McGuire, A. Longman, and R. Carroll-Johnson. 1997. “Peer Review, Authorship, Ethics, and Conflict of Interest.” Journal of Nursing Scholarship 29 (2): 5.
  • Kirkpatrick, J. N., M. B. Kadakia, and A. Vargas. 2012. “Management of Conflicts of Interest in Cardiovascular Medicine.” Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 55 (3): 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2012.10.006.
  • Klitzman, R. 2011. “Members of the Same Club”: Challenges and Decisions Faced by US IRBs in Identifying and Managing Conflicts of Interest.” PLoS One 6 (7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022796.
  • Komesaroff, P. A., I. Kerridge, and W. Lipworth. 2019. “Conflicts of Interest: New Thinking, New Processes.” Internal Medicine Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14233.
  • Korn, D. 2000. “Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research.” JAMA 284 (17): 4.
  • Korzick, K. A., and P. B. Terry. 1995. “Conflict of Interest: Pulmonary Medicine as a Business.” Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 2 (3): 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1097/00045413-199505000-00005.
  • Kottow, M. 2010. “Ethical Quandaries Posing as Conflicts of Interest.” Journal of Medical Ethics 36 (6): 328–332. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2009.034710.
  • Krimsky, S., and E. Sweet. 2009. “An Analysis of Toxicology and Medical Journal Conflict-of-Interest Polices.” Accountability in Research 16 (5): 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989620903190273.
  • Krutsinger, D. C., S. D. Halpern, and E. S. DeMartino. 2018. “Conflicts of Interest in Intensive Care Medicine.” Intensive Care Medicine 44 (10): 1765–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5335-1.
  • Lankarani, K., A. Alavian, and A. Haghdoost. 2011. “Author’s Reply to - Disclosure of Conflict of Interest should not be a Decorative Statement.” Lancet 377 (9773): 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60503-5.
  • Leas, B., and C. Umscheid. 2016. “Letter.” Annals of Internal Medicine 164 (10): 1. https://doi.org/10.7326/L15-0622.
  • Lederer, E. D. 2007. “Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines: Are We Defining the Issues too Narrowly?” Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2 (2): 207. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.04471206.
  • Lenzer, J. 2016. “When is a Point of View a Conflict of Interest?” BMJ 355:i6194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6194.
  • Lenzer, J., and S. Brownlee. 2015. “Diverting Attention from Financial Conflicts of Interest.” BMJ 350:h3505. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h3505.
  • Levinsky, N. G. 2002. “Nonfinancial Conflicts of Interest in Research.” The New England Journal of Medicine 347 (10): 759–761. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsb020853.
  • Lieb, K., J. von der Osten-Sacken, J. Stoffers-Winterling, N. Reiss, and J. Barth. 2016. “Conflicts of Interest and Spin in Reviews of Psychological Therapies: A Systematic Review.” British Medical Journal Open 6 (4). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010606.
  • Lipworth, W., N. Ghinea, and I. Kerridge. 2019. “Clarifying the Relationship Between Serious Ethical Violations and Conflicts of Interest.” The American Journal of Bioethics 19 (1): 48–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2018.1544314.
  • Lo, B., and C. Ott. 2013. “What is the Enemy in CME, Conflicts of Interest or Bias?” JAMA 310 (10): 1019–1020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.221227.
  • Ludwig, D., L. Kushi, and S. Heymsfield. 2018. “Conflicts of Interest in Nutrition Research: Letter.” JAMA 320 (1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.5658.
  • Lundh, A., I. Boutron, L. Stewart, and A. Hrobjartsson. 2020. “What to do with a Clinical Trial with Conflicts of Interest.” BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 25 (5): 2. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111230.
  • Maj, M. 2008. “Non-Financial Conflicts of Interests in Psychiatric Research and Practice.” British Journal of Psychiatry 193 (2): 91–92. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.049361.
  • Maj, M. 2009. “Financial and Non-Financial Conflicts of Interests in Psychiatry.” Acta Bioethica 15 (2): 165–171. https://doi.org/10.4067/S1726-569X2009000200006.
  • Malay, D. S. 2016. “Financial and Nonfinancial (Allegiance) Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research.” The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery 1 (6): 1129. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2016.09.004.
  • Marcovitch, H., V. Barbour, C. Borrell, F. Bosch, E. Fernandez, H. Macdonald, A. Marusic, and M. Nylenna. 2010. “Conflict of Interest in Science Communication: More Than a Financial Issue Report from Esteve Foundation Discussion Group, April 2009.” Croatian Medical Journal 51 (1): 7–15. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2010.51.7.
  • Marshall, E. 1992. “When Does Intellectual Passion Become Conflict of Interest?” Science 257 (5070): 620–625.
  • McKinney, R. E., and H. H. Pierce. 2017. “Strategies for Addressing a Broader Definition of Conflicts of Interest.” JAMA 317 (17): 1727–1728.
  • Medicine, Institute of. 2009. “Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education and Practice.” In Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. UK: The National Academies Press.
  • Menkes, D. 2018. “What Interests Should Be Disclosed to Journals?” BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2078.
  • Menkes, D. B., J. D. Masters, A. Broring, and A. Blum. 2018. “What Does ‘Unpaid Consultant’ Signify? A Survey of Euphemistic Language in Conflict of Interest Declarations.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 33 (2): 139–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-017-4225-5.
  • Mintzes, B., and Q. Grundy. 2018. “The Rise of Ambiguous Competing Interest Declarations.” BMJ 361 (k1464): 2.
  • Montgomery, P., and C. B. Weisman. 2021. “Non-Financial Conflict of Interest in Social Intervention Trials and Systematic Reviews: An Analysis of the Issues with Case Studies and Proposals for Management.” Children & Youth Services Review 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105642.
  • Morris, J. C. 1994. “Conflicts-of-Interest - Research and Clinical Care.” Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 8:49–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002093-199424003-00006.
  • Morse, J. M. (ed.). 1994 “Emerging from the data”: The cognitive processes of analysis in qualitative inquiry. Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Munn, Z., M. D. J. Peters, C. Stern, C. Tufanaru, A. McArthur, and E. Aromataris. 2018. “Systematic Review or Scoping Review? Guidance for Authors When Choosing between a Systematic or Scoping Review Approach.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 18 (1): 143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0611-x.
  • Munufo, M. 2016. “Navigating Conflicts of Interest in a Rapidly Changing Research Landscape.” Addiction 111 (8): 1333–1334. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13280.
  • Nahai, F. 2019. “Conflicts of Interest: Digging Beyond the Surface.” Aesthetic Surgery Journal 39 (3): 4.
  • Nejstgaard, C. H., L. Bero, A. Hrobjartsson, A. W. Jorgensen, K. J. Jorgensen, M. Le, and A. Lundh. 2020. “Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Guidelines, Advisory Committee Reports, Opinion Pieces, and Narrative Reviews: Associations with Recommendations.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 12:MR000040. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.MR000040.pub3.
  • Neumann, I., R. Karl, A. Rajpal, E. A. Akl, and G. H. Guyatt. 2013. “Experiences with a Novel Policy for Managing Conflicts of Interest of Guideline Developers: A Descriptive Qualitative Study.” Chest 144 (2): 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-2390.
  • Ngo-Metzger, Q., V. Moyer, D. Grossman, M. Ebell, M. Woo, T. Miller, T. Brummer. 2018. “Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Guidelines: Update of US Preventive Services Task Force Policies and Procedures.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 54 (1): S70–S80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.034.
  • Norris, S., H. Holmer, L. Ogden, and B. Burda. 2011. “Conflict of Interest in Clinical Practice Guideline Development: A Systematic Review.” PLoS One 6 (10): 6.
  • Østengaard, L., A. Lundh, T. Tjørnhøj-Thomsen, S. Abdi, M. Gelle, L. Stewart, I. Boutron, and A. Hróbjartsson. 2020. “Influence and Management of Conflicts of Interest in Randomised Clinical Trials: Qualitative Interview Study.” BMJ 371 (m3764): 10. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3764.
  • Pacheco, R. L., C. O. C. Latorraca, A. L. C. Martimbianco, E. Miranda, L. E. S. Fontes, D. Nunan, and R. Riera. 2021. “Adherence to Conflicts of Interest Policy in Cochrane Reviews Where Authors are also Editorial Board Members: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.” Research Synthesis Methods 24:24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1507.
  • Pellegrino, E. 1992. “Beneficence, Scientific Autonomy and Self-Interest: Ethical Dilemmas in Clinical Research.” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 1 (4): 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180100006551.
  • Qaseem, A., and T. Wilt. 2019. “Disclosure of Interests and Management of Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Guidelines and Guidance Statements: Methods from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians.” Annals of Internal Medicine 171:9. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-3279.
  • Quaia, E. 2023. “Authors, Reviewers and Nonfinancial Conflict of Interest: Can We Manage this Bond?” Tomography 9 (1): 436–438. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography9010035.
  • Radan, I. 2021. “Nonfinancial Conflict of Interest in Peer-Review: Some Notes for Discussion.” Accountability in Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2021.1989677.
  • Resnik, D. 2023. “Disclosing and Managing Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest in Scientific Publications.” Res Ethics 19 (2): 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470161221148387.
  • Resnik, D. B., B. Konecny, and G. E. Kissling. 2017. “Conflict of Interest and Funding Disclosure Policies of Environmental, Occupational, and Public Health Journals.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59 (1): 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000910.
  • Rivera, H., and A. Panduro. 2018. “Financial and Other Competing Interests: Be Aware.” Annals of Heptology 17 (6): 2.
  • Robbins, N. M. 2018. “Ethical Issues Pertaining to Conflicts of Interest between Neurologists and the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Industries.” Seminars in Neurology 38 (5): 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1668081.
  • Rodwin, M. A. 2017. “Attempts to Redefine Conflicts of Interest.” Accountability in Research 25 (2): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2017.1405728.
  • Rohwer, A., T. Young, E. Wager, and P. Garner. 2017. “Authorship, Plagiarism and Conflict of Interest: Views and Practices from Low/middle-Income Country Health Researchers.” British Medical Journal Open 7 (11). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018467.
  • Romain, P. L. 2015. “Conflicts of Interest in Research: Looking Out for Number One Means Keeping the Primary Interest Front and Center.” Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine 8 (2): 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-015-9270-2.
  • Rosenbaum, L. 2015a. “Reconnecting the Dots - Reinterpreting Industry-Physicians Relations.” New England Journal of Medicine 372 (19): 5.
  • Rosenbaum, L. 2015b. “Understanding Bias–The Case for Careful Study.” The New England Journal of Medicine 372 (20): 1959–1963. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMms1502497.
  • Rosenberg, A. R. 2017. “Get the Consent”-Nonfinancial Conflict of Interest in Academic Clinical Research.” Journal of Clinical Oncology 35 (1): 11±. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.69.3655.
  • Sagner, M., M. Binks, C. Yapijakis. 2016. “Overcoming Potential Threats to Scientific Advancements: Conflicts of Interest, Ulterior Motives, False Innuendos and Harrassment.” Progress in cardiovascular diseases 59 (5): 2.
  • Saitz, R. 2013. “‘We Do Not See the Lens Through Which We look’: Screening Mammography Evidence and Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest.” Evidence-Based Medicine 18 (3): 81–82. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2013-101344.
  • Saper, C. B. 2014. “Annals Policy on Deceptive Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest.” Annals of Neurology 76 (2): 149–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24234.
  • Saver, R. S. 2012. “Is it Really All About the Money? Reconsidering Non-Financial Interests in Medical Research.” The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics 40 (3): 467–481. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2012.00679.x.
  • Schmiedeke, E., S. Schaefer, D. Aminoff, N. Schwarzer, and E. Jenetzky. 2019. “Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest: Contribution to a Surgical Dilemma by the European Reference Networks for Rare Diseases.” Pediatric Surgery International 35 (9): 999–1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-019-04516-y.
  • Schunemann, H. J., L. A. Al-Ansary, F. Forland, S. Kersten, J. Komulainen, I. B. Kopp, F. Macbeth. 2015. “Guidelines International Network: Principles for Disclosure of Interests and Management of Conflicts in Guidelines.” Annals of Internal Medicine 163 (7): 548–553. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-1885.
  • Schwab, T. 2018. “Dietary Disclosures: How Important Are Non-Financial Interests?” BMJ (Online) 361 (no pagination): k1451. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1451.
  • Science, W. O. 2024 “Web of Science.” https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/summary/44674c3d-ac85-4245-b880-226a981e4ae4-c73607f1/relevance/1.
  • Seshia, S. S., M. Makhinson, D. F. Phillips, and G. B. Young. 2014. “Evidence-Informed Person-Centered Healthcare (Part I): Do ‘Cognitive Biases plus’ at Organizational Levels Influence Quality of Evidence?” Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 20 (6): 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12280.
  • Shaw, D. M. 2014. “Beyond Conflicts of Interest: Disclosing Medical Biases.” JAMA 312 (7): 697–698. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.8035.
  • Shawwa, K., R. Kallas, S. Koujanian, A. Agarwal, I. Neumann, P. Alexander, K. A. Tikkinen, G. Guyatt, and E. A. Akl. 2016. “Requirements of Clinical Journals for Authors’ Disclosure of Financial and Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest: A Cross Sectional Study.” PLoS One 11 (3): e0152301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152301.
  • Shimazawa, R., and M. Ikeda. 2014. “Conflicts of Interest in Psychiatry: Strategies to Cultivate Literacy in Daily Practice.” Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 68 (7): 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12201.
  • Simper, J. 2015. “Cologne Consensus Conference, Management of Conflict of Interest, 12 and 13 September 2014, Cologne, Germany.” Journal of European CME 4 (1). https://doi.org/10.3402/jecme.v4.26876.
  • Smith, R., and J. Blazeby. 2018. “Why Religious Belief should be Declared as a Competing Interest.” BMJ 361:k1456. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1456.
  • Smith, R., R. Feachem, N. S. Feachem, T. P. Koehlmoos, and H. Kinlaw. 2009. “The Fallacy of Impartiality: Competing Interest Bias in Academic Publications.” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 102 (2): 44–45. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2009.080400.
  • Sollitto, S., S. Hoffman, M. Mehlman, R. J. Lederman, S. J. Youngner, and M. M. Lederman. 2003. “Intrinsic Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research: A Need for Disclosure.” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 13 (2): 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.2003.0015.
  • Sollitto, S., S. Youngner, and M. M. Lederman. 2002. “Nonfinancial Conflicts of Interest in Research.” New England Journal of Medicine 347 (26): 2173–2173. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200212263472617.
  • Stead, W. W. 2017. “The Complex and Multifaceted Aspects of Conflicts of Interest.” JAMA 317 (17): 1765–1767.
  • Sugarman, S. D. 2005. “Conflicts of Interest in the Roles of the University Professor.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 6 (1): 255–275. https://doi.org/10.2202/1565-3404.1106.
  • Swanson, E., and T. Brown. 2018. “A Discussion of Conflicts of Interest in Plastic Surgery and Possible Remedies.” PRS Global Open. https://doi.org/10.1097/GOX.0000000000002043.
  • Thompson, D. F. 1993. “Understanding Financial Conflicts of Interest.” New England Journal of Medicine 329 (8): 4.
  • Tricco, A. C., E. Lillie, W. Zarin, K. K. O’Brien, H. Colquhoun, D. Levac, D. Moher. 2018. “PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation.” Annals of Internal Medicine 169 (7): 467–473. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-0850.
  • Tsai, A. C. 2011. “Managing Nonfinancial Conflict of Interest: How the “New McCarthyism” Could Work.” The American Journal of Bioethics 11 (1): 42–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2010.534531.
  • Twisselmann, B. 2018. “What Readers thought about Declaring Religious Belief as a Competing Interest.” BMJ 361:k2174. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2174.
  • Vandvik, P. O., W. Alhazzani, and M. H. Moller. 2018. “Understanding Conflicts of Interest.” Intensive Care Medicine 44 (10): 1738–1740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-018-5338-y.
  • Vieta, E. 2007. “Psychiatry: From Interest in Conflicts to Conflicts of Interest.” World Psychiatry 6 (1): 27–29.
  • Vincent, J., K. Christopher, and A. McLean. 2018. “Do I have a Conflict of Interest? No.” Intensive Care Medicine 44:1744–1745 doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5299-1.
  • Viswanathan, M., T. S. Carey, S. E. Belinson, E. Berliner, S. M. Chang, E. Graham, J.-M. Guise, S. Ip, M. A. Maglione, and D. C. McCrory. 2014. “A Proposed Approach May Help Systematic Reviews Retain Needed Expertise While Minimizing Bias from Nonfinancial Conflicts of Interest.” Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 67 (11): 1229–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.02.023.
  • Wang, X., Y. Chen, L. Yao, Q. Zhou, Q. Wu, J. Estill, Q. Wang, K. Yang, and S. L. Norris. 2018. “Reporting of Declarations and Conflicts of Interest in WHO Guidelines can be Further Improved.” 98:1–8.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.12.021.
  • Waters, T., J. McNulty, B. Wylie, A. Sciscione, and B. Iriye. 2020. “Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine’s Conflict of Interest Policy.” American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 223 (6): B47–B57.43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.025.
  • Werhane, P., and J. Doering. 1996. “Conflicts of Interest and Conflicts of Commitment.” Professional Ethics 4 (3 &4): 35.
  • West, R. 2009. “Conflict of Interest Declarations: Could a ‘Traffic light’ System Work?” Addiction 104 (11): 1785–1791. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02665.x.
  • Wiersma, M., N. Ghinea, and W. Lipworth. 2019. “Limiting Religious Contributions - a Response to Schuklenk.” Developing World Bioethics. https://doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12219.
  • Wiersma, M., I. Kerridge, and W. Lipworth. 2018. “Dangers of Neglecting Non-Financial Conflicts of Interest in Health and Medicine.” Journal of Medical Ethics 44 (5): 319–322. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2017-104530.
  • Wiersma, M., I. Kerridge, and W. Lipworth. 2020. “Status, Respect and Stigma: A Qualitative Study of Non-Financial Interests in Medicine.” Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17:203–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-09970-1.
  • Wiersma, M., I. Kerridge, W. Lipworth, and M. Rodwin. 2018. “Should We Try to Manage Non-Financial Interests?” BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k1240.
  • Williams-Jones, B. 2011. “Beyond a Pejorative Understanding of Conflict of Interest.” The American Journal of Bioethics 11 (1): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2010.534534.
  • Williams, J., C. Mayes, P. Komesaroff, I. Kerridge, and W. Lipworth. 2017. “Conflicts of Interest in Medicine: Taking Diversity Seriously.” Internal Medicine Journal 47 (7): 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.13471.
  • Williams, H. C., L. Naldi, C. Paul, A. Vahlquist, S. Schroter, and R. Jobling. 2006. “Conflicts of Interest in Dermatology.” Acta dermato-venereologica 86 (6): 485–497. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0191.
  • Young, S. 2009. “Bias in the Research Literature and Conflict of Interest: An Issue for Publishers, Editors, Reviewers and Authors, and it Is Not Just About the Money.” Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN 34 (6): 6.
  • Yu, J. J., G. Y. Su, A. Hirst, Z. Y. Yang, Y. Zhang, and Y. P. Li. 2020. “Identifying Competing Interest Disclosures in Systematic Reviews of Surgical Interventions and Devices: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01144-2.
  • Zhu, J. Y., and J. Sun. 2019. “Conflicts of Interest Disclosure Policies among Chinese Medical Journals: A Cross-Sectional Study.” PLoS One 14 (7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219564.