Therapeutic properties of Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom): A review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Inonotus obliquus sterile basidiome or conk naturally occurring on Betula papyrifera (Bal et al. 2019).

Figure 2. Structures of bioactive compounds isolated from Inonotus obliquus.

Table 1. Triterpenoids isolated from Inonotus obliquus and their biological activities.

Compound	Subject	Biological activity	Reference
Inonotusol H–N (1–7)	BV2 microglial cells	Inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production	Kou et al. (2021)
(20R, 21S, 24S)-21,24-cyclopenta-3β,21,25-trihydroxylanosta-8-en (8) (20R, 21R, 24R)-21,24-cyclopenta-21,25-dihydroxylanosta-8-en-3-one (9) Inonotsutriol A (10) Inotolactone B (11)	Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations	Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase	Chen et al. (2021)
3β-hydroxy-8,24-dien-21-al (12)	C57BL/6 primary macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Wold et al. (2020)
	RAW 264.7 macrophages	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production and NF-κB luciferase activation	Ma et al. (2013)
	In vitro activity assay Kun Ming hyperuricemic mice	Inhibit xanthine oxidase activity	Luo et al. (2021)
	Prostatic carcinoma and breast carcinoma cells (PC3 and MDA-MB-231)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Ma et al. (2013)
	Human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080)	Inhibition of cancer cell invasion	Ryu et al. (2017)
	Human lung cancer cells (A549)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Baek et al. (2018)
3β-hydroxylanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-21-oic acid (13)	Molecular docking	Inhibit xanthine oxidase	Yong et al. (2018)
	Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations	Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase	Chen et al. (2021)
3β,25-dihydroxylanosta-8,23-diene (14)	Human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080)	Inhibition of cancer cell invasion	Ryu et al. (2017)
3β,21-dihydroxylanosta-8,24-diene (15)	In vitro activity assay Kun Ming hyperuricemic mice	Inhibit xanthine oxidase activity	Luo et al. (2021)
	Human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080)	Inhibition of cancer cell invasion	Ryu et al. (2017)
3β-hydroxy-4,4,14-trimethyl- androst-8-en-17-one (16)	Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations	Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase	Chen et al. (2021)
Inotodiol (17)	C57BL/6 primary macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Wold et al. (2020)
	RAW 264.7 macrophages	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production and NF-κB luciferase activation	Ma et al. (2013)
	In vitro activity assay Kun Ming hyperuricemic mice	Inhibit xanthine oxidase activity	Luo et al. (2021)
	Prostatic carcinoma and breast carcinoma cells (PC3 and MDA-MB-231)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Ma et al. (2013)
	Prostatic carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and breast carcinoma cells (PC3, AGS, and MCF-7)	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation	Kim et al. (2020)
	Human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080)	Inhibition of cancer cell invasion	Ryu et al. (2017)
	Cervical cancer cells (HeLa)	Induction of apoptosis	Zhang et al. (2019)
	Methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-treated C57BL/6J mice OA-induced LO2 hepatocytes	Ameliorate lipid accumulation	Peng et al. (2022)
Lanosterol (18)	RAW 264.7 macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Ma et al. (2013)
	In vitro activity assay Kun Ming hyperuricemic mice	Inhibit xanthine oxidase activity	Luo et al. (2021)
	Human fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080)	Inhibition of cancer cell invasion	Ryu et al. (2017)
	Methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-treated C57BL/6J mice OA-induced LO2 hepatocytes	Ameliorate lipid accumulation	Peng et al. (2022)
Ergosterol (19)	RAW 264.7 macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Ma et al. (2013)
	Prostatic carcinoma and breast carcinoma cells (PC3 and MDA-MB-231)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Ma et al. (2013)
Ergosterol peroxide (20)	RAW 264.7 macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Ma et al. (2013)
	Prostatic carcinoma and breast carcinoma cells (PC3 and MDA-MB-231)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Ma et al. (2013)
	Colorectal cancer cells (HCT116, HT-29, SW620, and DLD-1)	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation and clonogenic colony formation	Kang et al. (2015)
	AOM/DSS-treated C57BL/6 mice	Suppress colonic tumour growth
	Microcystin-induced Balb/c mice	Hepatoprotective effect	Ishfaq et al. (2022)
Trametenolic acid (21)	C57BL/6 primary macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Wold et al. (2020)
	RAW 264.7 macrophages	Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production and NF-κB luciferase activation	Ma et al. (2013)
	Molecular docking	Inhibit xanthine oxidase	Yong et al. (2018)
	Prostatic carcinoma and breast carcinoma cells (PC3 and MDA-MB-231)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Ma et al. (2013)
	Prostatic carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and breast carcinoma cells (PC3, AGS, and MCF-7)	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation	Kim et al. (2020)
	Human lung cancer cells (A549)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Baek et al. (2018)
	Methionine–choline-deficient (MCD) diet-treated C57BL/6J mice OA-induced LO2 hepatocytes	Ameliorate lipid accumulation	Peng et al. (2022)
	C57BLKS/db mice with C57BL/6 mice as control	Ameliorate serum renal function indicator levels, reduce renal histological alterations, exert anti-fibrotic effect on kidneys	Duan et al. (2022)
Inonotsuoxide B (22)	Hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6)	Anti-fibrotic activity by suppressing hepatic stellate cells	Jin et al. (2022)
Chagabusone A (23)	Human lung cancer cells (A549)	Cytotoxicity against cancer cells	Baek et al. (2018)
Inonotusane C (24)	Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations	Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase	Chen et al. (2021)
	Molecular docking	Bind to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain	Basal et al. (2021)
Inononoid A–C (25–27)	Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations	Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase	Chen et al. (2021)
Betulin (28)	C57BL/6 primary macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Wold et al. (2020)
	Molecular docking	Inhibit xanthine oxidase	Yong et al. (2018)
	In vitro activity assay Kun Ming hyperuricemic mice	Inhibit xanthine oxidase activity	Luo et al. (2021)
	Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations	Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase	Chen et al. (2021)
Betulinic acid (29)	C57BL/6 primary macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Wold et al. (2020)
	Prostatic carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and breast carcinoma cells (PC3, AGS, and MCF-7)	Inhibit cancer cell proliferation	Kim et al. (2020)
	Inhibition kinetics and molecular stimulations	Inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase	Chen et al. (2021)
	3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes	Reduce lipid accumulation	Kim et al. (2019)
	Molecular docking	Bind to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain	Basal et al. (2021)
Betulin-3-O-caffeate (30)	C57BL/6 primary macrophages	Reduction of LPS + IFNγ-induced NO production	Wold et al. (2020)
Oleanolic acid (31)	In vitro activity assay Kun Ming hyperuricemic mice	Inhibit xanthine oxidase activity	Luo et al. (2021)
Phelligridin D (32)	In vitro assays	Attenuate reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, enhance superoxide dismutase and catalase activity	Li et al. (2021)
Inonotusic acid (33)	Molecular docking	Inhibit xanthine oxidase	Yong et al. (2018)

Table 2. Phenols and flavonoids isolated from Inonotus obliquus and their biological activities/findings.

Compound	Molecular formula	Biological activity/findings	Reference
Protocatechuic aldehyde (34)	C7H6O3	Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
		Radical-scavenging activity and protection against DNA damage	Hwang et al. (2016)
2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (35)	C7H6O3	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Salicylic acid (36)	C7H6O3	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Protocatechuic acid (37)	C7H6O4	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
		Radical-scavenging activity and protection against DNA damage	Hwang et al. (2016)
Gallic acid (38)	C7H6O5	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
4-hydroxybenzene-1,3-dioic acid (39)	C8H6O5	Radical-scavenging activity and protection against DNA damage	Hwang et al. (2016)
2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (40)	C8H6O6	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
		Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Vanillic acid (41)	C8H8O4	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
P-coumaric acid (42)	C9H8O3	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
		Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
		Anticancer activity	Wang et al. (2015)
Caffeic acid (43)	C9H8O4	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
		Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Syringic acid (44)	C9H10O5	Radical-scavenging activity and protection against DNA damage	Hwang et al. (2016)
		Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
		Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Osmundacetone (45)	C10H10O3	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
		Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
		Radical-scavenging activity and protection against DNA damage	Hwang et al. (2016)
4-methoxycinnamic acid (46)	C10H10O3	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Ferulic acid (47)	C10H10O4	Radical-scavenging activity	Xu et al. (2016)
		Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
		Anticancer activity	Wang et al. (2015)
3-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chrome-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (48)	C11H6O7	Radical-scavenging activity and protection against DNA damage	Hwang et al. (2016)
		Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Inonotphenol A (49)	C12H10O6	Radical-scavenging activity	Chang et al. (2022)
Hispolon (50)	C12H12O4	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Hispidin (51)	C13H10O5	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Ellagic acid (52)	C14H6O8	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
6,6’-dihydroxy-(1,1′-biphenyl)-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid (53)	C14H10O6	Radical-scavenging activity and protection against DNA damage	Hwang et al. (2016)
3-O-Methylellagic acid (54)	C15H8O8	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Kaempferol (55)	C15H10O6	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
Quercetin (56)	C15H10O7	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
		Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Myricetin (57)	C15H10O8	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Naringenin (58)	C15H12O5	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
Catechin (59)	C15H14O6	Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Isorhamnetin (60)	C16H12O7	Major contributor of total antioxidant activity	Abu-Reidah et al. (2021)
8-demethyleucalyptin (61)	C18H16O5	Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Tangeretin (62)	C20H20O7	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
Catechin 7-xyloside (63)	C20H22O10	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
Astilbin (64)	C21H22O11	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
Epicatechin-3-gallate (65)	C22H18O10	Radical-scavenging activity	Xu et al. (2016)
		Antioxidant; increased accumulation through lignocellulose degradation	Zhao et al. (2021)
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (66)	C22H18O11	Radical-scavenging activity	Xu et al. (2016)
		Antioxidant; increased accumulation through lignocellulose degradation	Zhao et al. (2021)
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside (67)	C22H22O12	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)
Interfungin B (68)	C23H18O8	Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Inoscavin B (69)	C24H20O8	Antioxidant; increased accumulation through wheat-straw culture	Zhao et al. (2021)
Phelligridin E (70)	C25H14O10	Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Davallialactone (71)	C25H20O9	Antioxidant; increased accumulation through wheat-straw culture	Zhao et al. (2021)
Methylinoscavin B (72)	C25H22O8	Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Rutin (73)	C27H30O16	Antioxidant; increased accumulation through lignocellulose degradation	Zhao et al. (2021)
Naringin (74)	C27H32O14	Radical-scavenging activity	Xu et al. (2016)
		Antioxidant; increased accumulation through lignocellulose degradation	Zhao et al. (2021)
Phelligridin I (75)	C33H20O13	Radical-scavenging activity and binding affinity to superoxide dismutase 1 enzyme	Hao et al. (2023)
Phellxinye A (76)	C30H20O16	Radical-scavenging activity	Chang et al. (2022)
Procyanidin (77)	C30H26O13	Radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing activity	Wang et al. (2021)

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