Cosmeceuticals from marine: the prospect of marine products in skin rejuvenation and care

Figures & data

Figure 1. Number of articles published on the therapeutic effects of marine-derived cosmeceuticals.

Figure 2. Schematic illustration showing the changes in the fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers in skin ageing (adopted from [29]).

Table 1. Clinical manifestation of skin aging.

Aspect of Ageing	Cellular Changes	Visible Effects on Skin	Cite
Blood Vessel Changes	Fragile blood vessels, reduced circulation	Pale or dull complexion, slow wound healing	[30]
Collagen Reduction	Decreased collagen production and quality	Fine lines, wrinkles, sagging skin	[31]
DNA Damage	Accumulated DNA damage	Increased risk of skin cancers, pigmentation changes	[32]
Elastin Degradation	Elastin fibers lose elasticity	Loss of skin elasticity and firmness	[33]
Epidermal Thinning	Decreased epidermal cell turnover	Thin and fragile skin, increased vulnerability	[34]
Hyaluronic Acid Loss	Reduced hyaluronic acid content	Dryness, rough texture, fine lines	[35]
Melanin Distribution	Uneven melanin distribution	Age spots, hyperpigmentation	[36]
Oxidative Stress	Increased oxidative damage	Wrinkles, loss of radiance, uneven tone	[37]

Table 2. Marine-derived biomaterials for skin rejuvenation.

Marine-derived Biomaterial	Source	Characteristics	Effects on skin rejuvenation	cite
Marine Collagen	fish or algae	-High biocompatibility, -Rich in amino acids	-Enhances skin elasticity and firmness - Reduces appearance of fine lines and wrinkles - Promotes hydration and moisture retention	[16,53,137]
Alginate	brown algae	- Natural thickening agent - Natural thickening agent - Absorbs excess oil and toxins	- Forms protective barrier on skin surface - Improves skin texture and smoothness - Supports wound healing and tissue regeneration	[15,138,139]
Chitosan	crustacean shells	- Biodegradable and biocompatible - Enhances skin barrier function	- Promotes collagen synthesis and skin cell growth - Reduces inflammation and irritation - Improves wound healing and scar reduction	[15,140–142]
Seaweed Extracts	Various types (e.g. kelp, algae)	- Nourishing and hydrating - Reduces oxidative stress	– Rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants - Boosts collagen production and skin elasticity - Improves skin tone and texture	[143,144]
Marine Peptides	Protein fragments from marine organisms	- Penetrates deeper into skin - Supports skin regeneration	- Stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis - Reduces appearance of wrinkles and fine lines - Improves skin firmness and overall appearance	[145,146]

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