Pre-primary school children’s psychological wellbeing and their association with Kiswahili pre-reading outcomes in Tanzania

Figures & data

Table 1. Pre-primary school children’s psychological wellbeing scores and subscales (N = 403).

Psychological wellbeing scores	Cut off	Normal %(n)	Borderline %(n)	Abnormal %(n)
Total difficulty score	≥17	41(169)	30(123)	28(111)
Externalizing
Conduct problems	>4	46(187)	21(85)	33(131)
Hyperactivity	>6	73(297)	15(62)	11(44)
Internalizing
Emotional problems	>6	73(295)	8(35)	18(73)
Peer problems	>5	35(144)	36(147)	28(112)

Table 2. Pre-primary school children’s Kiswahili pre-reading skills items’ scores.

	Item	M	SD	Range	<M (n(%))	≥M (n(%))
1	Timely alphabet letter naming	13.70	14.35	98.00	261(64.8)	142(35.2)
2	Alphabet letter naming	52.07	26.91	92.31	215(53.3)	188(46.7)
3	Alphabet letter identification	52.15	29.87	100.00	237(58.8)	166(41.2)
4.i	Vowel identification and naming	77.84	25.04	100.00	165(40.9)	238(59.1)
4.ii	Consonant identification and naming	53.22	32.47	100.00	230(57.1)	173(42.9)
5.i	Equipment starting with vowel	51.14	34.93	100.00	241(59.8)	162(40.2)
5.ii	Equipment starting with consonant	44.06	33.08	100.00	244(60.5)	159(39.5)
6	Sound comprehension	56.02	30.32	100.00	267(66.3)	136(33.7)
7	Initial letter identification	54.31	35.20	100.00	245(60.8)	158(39.2)
8	Picture reading	70.66	30.23	100.00	207(51.4)	196(48.6)
9	Initial sound identification	55.13	29.87	100.00	230(57.1)	173(42.9)
10	Book reading	58.15	14.51	83.33	111(27.5)	292(72.5)

Table 3. Results of the hierarchical multiple regression model of pre-primary school children’s Kiswahili pre-reading skills acquisition.

Predictor variables	Beta	95.0% CI		SE	β
		LL	UL
Step 1^a
(Constant)	1.355E-16	−.076	.076	.039
District^b	−.68***	−.756	−.554	.039	−.63***
Step 2^c
(Constant)	1.355E-16	−.072	.072	.037
District	−.59	−.645	−.496	.038	−.57***
Internalizing problem behaviour	−.08*	−.169	−.003	.042	−.09*
Externalizing problem behaviour	−.25***	−.291	−.121	.043	−.21***

Note. N = 403, B unstandardised coefficients, CI = Confidence Interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit, SE = coefficients standardized error, β = standardised coefficients, *p < .05, ***p < .001.

^a Test statistics: R² = .397, Adjusted R² = .395, F(1, 401) = 263.611, p <.001.

^b 1= High performing, 2 = Middle performing, 3 = low performing.

^c Test statistics: R² = .461, Adjusted R² = .456, ΔR² =.064, F(3, 399) = 113.533, p <. 001.

Data availability statement

Data will be made available upon request from the journal.