Mediating role of green innovation and moderating role of resource acquisition with firm age between green entrepreneurial orientation and performance of entrepreneurial firms

Figures & data

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework.

Table

Variables	Items
Green Entrepreneurial Orientation	In general, our firm favors a strong emphasis on green practices, such as R&D, technological leadership, and innovation
	When facing uncertainty, we typically adopt a proactive posture to catch potential green opportunities
	In dealing with competitors, we typically initiate green actions that competitors respond to
	Our firm favors a tendency to be a leader, and always introduce green products, service, or technology first
	In dealing with competitors, we typically adopt a competitive ‘undo-the competitors’ posture

Table 1. Description of items

Performance of entrepreneurial Firms	Income (net profit) of our firm has increased.
	The number of items sold increased.
	Output of our firm has increased.
	Investment of our firm has increased.
	Our firm has bought new machine/equipment.
Green Entrepreneurial Orientation	In general, our firm favors a strong emphasis on green practices, such as R&D, technological leadership, and innovation
	When facing uncertainty, we typically adopt a proactive posture to catch potential green opportunities
	In dealing with competitors, we typically initiate green actions that competitors respond to
	Our firm favors a tendency to be a leader, and always introduce green products, service, or technology first
	In dealing with competitors, we typically adopt a competitive ‘undo-the competitors’ posture
Green innovation	My company uses materials that produce least pollution.
	My company uses materials that consume less energy and resources.
	My company uses materials that are easy to recycle, reuse, and decompose
Resource acquisition Firm Age	Firm resources increase with the passage of time.
	Experience of our firm increases with the passage of time.
	Risk taking for green initiatives increase with the passage of time.

Table 2. Descriptive analysis

Construct	Mean	Standard Deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
Resource Acquisition with Age	5.00	3.00	−1.045	−0.282
Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms	5.12	0.667	−1.117	−0.502
Green Entrepreneurial orientation	4.95	0.951	1.249	0.350
Green Innovation	5.38	0.837	−0.569	−1.550

Table 3. Item loadings reliability and validity

Variables	Items	Loadings	Cronbach’s Alpha	Composite Reliability	Average Variance Extracted
Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms	PEF1	0.811	0.939	0.950	0.705
	PEF2	0.900
	PEF3	0.865
	PEF4	0.938
	PEF5	0.825
Green Entrepreneurial orientation	GEO1	0.932	0.945	0.955	0.775
	GEO2	0.778
	GEO3	0.915
	GEO4	0.878
	GEO5	0.719
Green Innovation	GI1	0.863	0.859	0.914	0.780
	GI2	0.897
	GI3	0.889
Resource acquisition with Age	A1	0.888	0.910	0.943	0.847
	A2	0.982
	A3	0.951

Table 4. Discriminant validity

Constructs	A	GEO	GI	PEF
Resource acquisition with Age	0.920
Green Entrepreneurial Orientation	0.556	0.869
Green Innovation	0.533	0.588	0.883
Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms	0.541	0.606	0.680	0.840

Table 5. Direct effects

Path Coefficients	Original Sample (O)	Sample Mean (M)	Standard Deviation (STDEV)	T Statistics (O/STDEV)	P Values
GEO -> PEF	0.315	0.316	0.142	2.212	0.014
GEO -> GI	0.588	0.588	0.115	5.110	0.000
GI -> PEF	0.496	0.484	0.156	3.186	0.001

Table 6. Mediating Effect

Path Coefficients	Original Sample (O)	Sample Mean (M)	Standard Deviation (STDEV)	T Statistics (O/STDEV)	P Values
GEO -> GI -> PEF	0.240	0.228	0.104	2.307	0.011

Table 7. Moderating effect

Path Coefficients	Original Sample (O)	Sample Mean (M)	Standard Deviation (STDEV)	T Statistics (O/STDEV)	P Values
GEO -> GI	0.588	0.588	0.118	4.978	0.000
GEO -> PEF	0.225	0.260	0.112	2.001	0.014
GI -> PEF	0.443	0.425	0.161	2.751	0.003
A -> PEF	0.546	0.543	0.125	4.351	0.000
GEO*RAFA -> PEF	0.408	0.395	0.171	2.395	0.008

Table 8. Effect Size

Effects	R^2 included	R^2 excluded	F^2
Mediator	0.528	0.372	0.331
Moderator	0.544	0.372	0.378

Table 9. Construct cross Validated Redundancy

	SSO	SSE	Q^2 (=1-SSE/SSO)
Performance of Entrepreneurial Firms	792.000	495.787	0.374