Technostress in times of change: unveiling the impact of leadership styles in Cambodia’s public organizations in the wake of COVID-19

Figures & data

Table 1. Factor loadings, reliability, and validity.

Constructs	Loadings
Technostress (TNS) (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.943, CR = 0.949, AVE = 0.540)
TA1	0.760
TA2	0.731
TA3	0.830
TA4	0.668
TF1	0.732
TF2	0.696
TF3	0.715
TF4	0.748
TI1	0.791
TI2	0.800
TI3	0.634
TI4	0.668
TS1	0.748
TS2	0.756
TS3	0.614
TS4	0.830
Transformational Leadership (TFL) (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.920, CR = 0.932, AVE = 0.533)
IC1	0.703
IC2	0.670
IC3	0.712
II1	0.666
II2	0.684
II3	0.714
IM1	0.734
IM2	0.788
IM3	0.777
IS1	0.839
IS2	0.786
IS3	0.667
Transactional Leadership (TSL) (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.943, CR = 0.949, AVE = 0.540)
TSL1	0.788
TSL2	0.873
TSL3	0.889
Laissez-faire Leadership (LFL) (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.845, CR = 0.907, AVE = 0.764)
LFL1	0.905
LFL2	0.875
LFL3	0.842

Table 2. Discriminant validity-Fornell & Larcker criterion.

	LFL	TFL	TNS	TSL
LFL	0.874
TFL	0.507	0.730
TNS	0.722	0.571	0.735
TSL	0.647	0.521	0.768	0.851
Heterotrait-monotrait ratio (HTMT)
LFL	–
TFL	0.561
TNS	0.794	0.595
TSL	0.782	0.591	0.864	–

Table 3. Hypotheses testing.

	Path coefficient	t-value	p-value	Decision
H1: TFL → TNS	0.155	3.712	0.000	Supported
H2: TSL → TNS	0.467	9.810	0.000	Supported
H3: LFL → TNS	0.341	5.572	0.000	Supported
	R^2		Q^2
TNS	0.694		0.361