Sodium chloride-induced changes in oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis in experimental multiple sclerosis

ABSTRACT

Objectives: The high-salt diet (HSD) has been associated with cognitive dysfunction by attacking the cerebral microvasculature, through an adaptive response, initiated in the intestine and mediated by Th17 cells. In the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), it has been described that NaCl causes an increase in T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. NaCl also promotes macrophage response and Th17 cell differentiation, worsening the course of the disease. HSD may trigger an activation of the immune system and enhance inflammation. However, certain studies not only do not support this possibility, but support the opposite, as the effect of salt on immune cells may not necessarily be pathogenic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an over intake of salt in rats with EAE, based on the clinical course, oxidative stress, markers of inflammation and the gut dysbiosis.

Methods: 15 Dark Agouti rats were used, which were divided into control group, EAE group and EAE + NaCl group. Daily 0.027 g of NaCl dissolved in 300 μl of H₂O was administered through a nasogastric tube for 51 days.

Results: NaCl administration produced an improvement in clinical status and a decrease in biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysbiosis.

Conclusion: The underlying mechanism by which NaCl causes these effects could involve the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which is blocked by high doses of salt.

KEYWORDS:

• Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
• Multiple sclerosis
• NaCl
• Oxidative stress
• Inflammation
• Dysbiosis
• Glutathione redox cycle
• Autoimmunity

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Data availability statement

Not applicable.

Author contributions

Francisco A. Martín-Hersog: Investigation; Writing-original draft; Ana Muñoz-Jurado: Investigation; Writing-original draft; Begoña M. Escribano: Investigation; Writing-original draft; Evelio Luque: Data curation, Investigation; Alberto Galván: Investigation; Manuel LaTorre: Investigation; Ana I. Giraldo: Resources; Project administration; Javier Caballero-Villarraso: Resources; Investigation; Eduardo Agüera: Investigation; Formal analysis; Abel Santamaría: Investigation; Formal analysis; Isaac Túnez: Conceptualization; Validation; Writing-Review and Editing.