Executive Summary

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Notes

1 Xinhua, ‘十四五’规划和2035年远景目标纲 要’ [The 14th five-year plan and long-range objectives through 2035 full text], Sina, 13 March 2021, https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/gncj/2021-03-13/doc-ikkntiam0007627.shtml.

2 See chapter ‘Financing: State Capitalism Overseas’ for analysis. Data from Financial Times, ‘fDi Markets Database’, https://www.fdimarkets.com/.

3 Financial Times, ‘fDi Markets Database’, https://www.fdimarkets.com/; and ‘Fortune 500’, Fortune, https://fortune.com/fortune500/2021/.

4 BP, ‘BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022’, 2022, p. 71, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf; and BP, ‘Statistical Review of World Energy 2012’, 2012, p. 61, https://www.laohamutuk.org/DVD/docs/BPWER2012report.pdf.

5 Financial Times, ‘fDi Markets Database’, https://www.fdimarkets.com/.

6 Ibid.

7 IISS, ‘China Connects’, 2022, https://chinaconnects.iiss.org/.

8 Ibid.

9 World Bank, International Debt Statistics, https://databank.worldbank.org/source/international-debt-statistics. (Data parameters are as follows: external debt stocks, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (DOD, current US$) to creditors in China; gross national income (current US$)).

10 European Commission, ‘An Economic and Investment Plan for the Western Balkans’, COM(2020) 641 Final, 6 October 2020, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0641.