Publication Cover
Anthropological Forum
A journal of social anthropology and comparative sociology
Latest Articles
23
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Fox Fake Tiger: The Chinese Middle-class Mentality toward Community-based Deliberative Democracy Led by Social Organisations

ORCID Icon
Received 02 Nov 2023, Accepted 08 Apr 2024, Published online: 24 Apr 2024

References

  • Atkinson, Rowland, Sarah Blandy, John Flint, and Diane Lister. 2005. “Gated Cities of Today?: Barricaded Residential Development in England.” Town Planning Review 76 (4): 401–422. https://doi.org/10.3828/tpr.76.4.3.
  • Bailard, Catie Snow. 2014. Democracy’s Double-Edged Sword: How Internet Use Changes Citizens’ Views of Their Government. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Birdsall, Nancy. 2015. “Does the Rise of the Middle Class Lock in Good Government in the Developing World?” The European Journal of Development Research 27: 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2015.6.
  • Boer, Roland. 2023. Socialism in Power: On the History and Theory of Socialist Governance. New York: Springer.
  • Bonnell, Victoria E., and Lynn Hunt. 2023. Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture (Vol. 34). Oakland: University of California Press.
  • Bratich, Jack Z., Jeremy Packer, and Cameron McCarthy. 2003. Foucault, Cultural Studies, and Governmentality. New York: The State University of New York Press.
  • Bray, David. 2009. “Building ‘Community’: New Strategies of Governance in Urban China.” In In China’s Governmentalities: Governing Change, Changing Government, edited by Elaine Jeffreys, 100–118. London: Routledge.
  • Cerulo, Karen A. 2013. Culture in Mind: Toward a Sociology of Culture and Cognition. London: Routledge.
  • Chang, Ying, Mandy Lau, and Pietro Calogero. 2019. “Participatory Governance in China: Analysing State-Society Relations in Participatory Initiatives in Suzhou.” International Development Planning Review 41 (3): 329–352. https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2018.32.
  • Charmaz, Kathy. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. London: Sage.
  • Cheeseman, Nic. 2015. ““No Bourgeoisie, No Democracy”? The Political Attitudes of the Kenyan Middle Class.” Journal of International Development 27 (5): 647–664. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3057.
  • Chen, Jie. 2013. A Middle Class Without Democracy: Economic Growth and the Prospects for Democratization in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Chen, Chengxin. 2020. “China’s Consultative Democracy System.” In China’s Political System, edited by Ning Fang, 179–217. New York: Springer.
  • Chen, Bin, Terry L. Cooper, and Rong Sun. 2009. “Spontaneous or Constructed? Neighborhood Governance Reforms in Los Angeles and Shanghai.” Public Administration Review 69: S108–S115.
  • Chien, Lynn, and Randy Allen Harris. 2010. “Scheme Trope Chroma Chengyir. Figuration in Chinese Four-character Idioms.” Cognitive Semiotics 6 (S1): 155–178. https://doi.org/10.1515/cogsem.2010.6.spring2010.155.
  • Deng, Yanhua, and Min Zhou. 2022. “Why People Don’t Protest? Work Units, Selective Paternalism, and Social Ties in China.” China Review 22 (3): 243–269.
  • Dworkin, Gerald. 1972. “Paternalism.” The Monist 56 (1): 64–84. https://doi.org/10.5840/monist197256119.
  • Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 2020. Self-reliance and Other Essays. Pittsburgh: General Press.
  • Farid, May, and Chengcheng Song. 2020. “Public Trust as a Driver of State-Grassroots NGO Collaboration in China.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 25 (4): 591–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09691-7.
  • Frantz, Telmo Rudi. 1987. “The Role of NGOs in the Strengthening of Civil Society.” World Development 15: 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(87)90150-1.
  • Friedman, Sara L. 2023. “Opting out of the City: Lifestyle Migrations, Alternative Education, and the Pursuit of Happiness among Chinese Middle-class Families.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 29 (2): 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.13917.
  • Goldman, Merle. 2005. From Comrade to Citizen: The Struggle for Political Rights in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Goodman, David. 2008. “Introduction: The New Rich in China: The Dimensions of Social Change.” In In The New Rich in China, edited by Goodman David, 15–34. London: Routledge.
  • Goodman, David SG. 2016. “Locating China’s Middle Classes: Social Intermediaries and the Party-State.” Journal of Contemporary China 25 (97): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2015.1060757.
  • Heberer, Thomas. 2009. “Evolvement of Citizenship in Urban China or Authoritarian Communitarianism? Neighborhood Development, Community Participation, and Autonomy.” Journal of Contemporary China 18 (61): 491–515. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560903033786.
  • Hong, Ying. 2001. “The Practice of Business Ethics in China: We Need a Parent.” Business Ethics: A European Review 10 (2): 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00217.
  • Howell, Jude, Regina Enjuto Martinez, and Yuanyuan Qu. 2021. “Technologies of Authoritarian Statecraft in Welfare Provision: Contracting Services to Social Organizations.” Development and Change 52 (6): 1418–1444. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12677.
  • Hsu, Francis LK. 1948. Under the Ancestors’ Shadow; Chinese Culture and Personality. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Hu, Jieren, Peng Zeng, and Tong Wu. 2022. “How Are ‘Red Social Workers’ Trained? Party-building Absorption of Society in China.” China Review 22 (3): 297–323.
  • Innes, Judith E., and David E. Booher. 2004. “Reframing Public Participation: Strategies for the 21st Century.” Planning Theory & Practice 5 (4): 419–436. https://doi.org/10.1080/1464935042000293170.
  • Jankowiak, William. 2019. “Family Life in China.” In Routledge Handbook of East Asian Gender Studies, edited by Jieyu Liu and Junko Yamashita, 199–216. London: Routledge.
  • Jones, David Martin. 2014. “Managing the China Dream: Communist Party Politics after the Tiananmen Incident.” Australian Journal of Political Science 49 (1): 122–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2013.878897.
  • Jones, David Martin, and David Brown. 1994. “Singapore and the Myth of the Liberalizing Middle Class.” The Pacific Review 7 (1): 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512749408719073.
  • Kan, Karita, and Hok Bun Ku. 2021. “Serving the People, Building the Party: Social Organizations and Party Work in China’s Urban Villages.” The China Journal 85 (1): 75–95.
  • Kietäväinen, Asta Tuulikki, Janne Rinne, Riikka Paloniemi, and Seija Tuulentie. 2016. “Participation of Second Home Owners and Permanent Residents in Local Decision Making: The Case of a Rural Village in Finland.” Fennia-International Journal of Geography 194 (2): 152–167.
  • Kotkin, Joel. 2023. The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class. New York: Encounter Books.
  • Langohr, Vickie. 2004. “Too Much Civil Society, Too Little Politics: Egypt and Liberalizing Arab Regimes.” Comparative Politics 36 (2): 181–204. https://doi.org/10.2307/4150142.
  • Lee, Haiyan. 2006. “Governmentality and the Aesthetic State: A Chinese Fantasia.” Positions: Asia Critique 14 (1): 99–130. https://doi.org/10.1215/10679847-14-1-99.
  • Lee, Haiyan. 2016. “Chinese Feelings: Notes on a Ritual Theory of Emotion.” The Wenshan Review of Literature and Culture 9 (2): 1–37.
  • Lee, Kingsyhon, and Ming-sho Ho. 2014. “The Maoming Anti-PX Protest of 2014. An Environmental Movement in Contemporary China.” China Perspectives 3: 33–39.
  • Leung, Terry Tse Fong, Ngai Ming Yip, Ronggui Huang, and Ying Wu. 2012. “Governmentality and the Politicisation of Social Work in China.” British Journal of Social Work 42 (6): 1039–1059. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcs065.
  • Lian, Hongping. 2014. “The Resistance of Land-Lost Farmers in China.” Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 36 (3): 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2014.942061.
  • Lo, Li-chia. 2021. “Decoding Xieshang Minzhu in Chinese Politics: Chinese vs. Western Conceptions of Deliberative Democracy.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 26 (2): 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-020-09703-6.
  • Lodge, Martin, and Kai Wegrich. 2016. “The Rationality Paradox of Nudge: Rational Tools of Government in a World of Bounded Rationality.” Law & Policy 38 (3): 250–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12056.
  • Lopes, Cleber, Fabricio Silva Lima, and Lucas Melgaco. 2022. “Solidary Neighbors? The Involvement of Middle-Class Communities in the Governance of Security and Disorder in Brazil.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 38 (1): 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862211034323.
  • Miao, Shuo. 2016. Development Without Self-Empowerment? Limited Demand for Political Liberties among China’s New Middle Class (Doctoral Dissertation). Vienna: Central European University.
  • Miao, Ying. 2017. “Middle Class Identity in China: Subjectivity and Stratification.” Asian Studies Review 41 (4): 629–646. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2017.1372360.
  • Mok, Ka Ho, Chak Kwan Chan, and Zhuoyi Wen. 2021. “Searching for new Welfare Governance in China: Contracting out Social Service and Impact on Government-NGOs Relationship.” Journal of Asian Public Policy 14 (1): 63–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2020.1778245.
  • Nathan, Andrew J. 2016. “The Puzzle of the Chinese Middle Class.” Journal of Democracy 27: 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2016.0027.
  • Payne, Geoff, and Clare Grew. 2005. “Unpacking ‘Class Ambivalence’.” Sociology 39 (5): 893–910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038505058371.
  • Pow, Choon-Piew. 2007. “Constructing a New Private Order: Gated Communities and the Privatization of Urban Life in Post-reform Shanghai.” Social & Cultural Geography 8 (6): 813–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360701712511.
  • Romig, Kevin. 2005. “The Upper Sonoran Lifestyle: Gated Communities in Scottsdale, Arizona.” City & Community 4 (1): 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-6841.2005.00103.x.
  • Rosenfeld, Bryn. 2020. The Autocratic Middle Class: How State Dependency Reduces the Demand for Democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Snape, Holly, and Weinan Wang. 2020. “Finding a Place for the Party: Debunking the “Party-State” and Rethinking the State-Society Relationship in China’s One-Party System.” Journal of Chinese Governance 5 (4): 477–502. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2020.1796411.
  • Song, Esther Eunhou. 2024. “How Outsourcing Social Services to NGOs Bolsters Political Trust in China: Evidence from Shanghai.” Chinese Political Science Review 9 (1): 36–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41111-021-00207-z.
  • Song, Weixuan, and Qiyan Wu. 2010. “Gentrification and Residential Differentiation in Nanjing, China.” Chinese Geographical Science 20: 568–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-010-0432-2.
  • Sopranzetti, Claudio. 2016. “Thailand’s Relapse: The Implications of the May 2014 Coup.” The Journal of Asian Studies 75 (2): 299–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911816000462.
  • Sperber, Nathan. 2022. “Servants of the State or Masters of Capital? Thinking through the Class Implications of State-owned Capital.” Contemporary Politics 28 (3): 264–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2021.2022323.
  • Steinhardt, H. Christoph. 2012. “How is High Trust in China Possible? Comparing the Origins of Generalized Trust in Three Chinese Societies.” Political Studies 60 (2): 434–454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00909.x.
  • Sumich, Jason. 2016. “The Uncertainty of Prosperity: Dependence and the Politics of Middle-class Privilege in Maputo.” Ethnos 81 (5): 821–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2014.1002860.
  • Sun, Lili, and Lingling Sun. 2017. “Deliberative Democracy: A Probe into Female Interests Demands and Response Mechanism in Shanghai.” Open Journal of Political Science 07 (1): 170–177. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2017.71013.
  • Tang, Min. 2011. “The Political Behavior of the Chinese Middle Class.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 16 (4): 373–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-011-9166-y.
  • Tang, Beibei. 2018. “Deliberation and Governance in Chinese Middle-Class Neighborhoods.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 19 (4): 663–677. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1468109918000282.
  • Tang, Beibei. 2020. “Grid Governance in China’s Urban Middle-Class Neighbourhoods.” The China Quarterly 241: 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741019000821.
  • Tang, Beibei. 2023. Governing Neighborhoods in Urban China: Changing State-Society Relations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Teets, Jessica C., Reza Hasmath, Timothy Hildebrandt, Carolyn L. Hsu, and Jennifer YJ Hsu. 2022. “Volunteerism and Democratic Learning in an Authoritarian State: The Case of China.” Democratization 29 (5): 879–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.2015334.
  • Teets, Jessica C., and Marta Jagusztyn. 2015. “The Evolution of a Collaborative Governance Model: Social Service Outsourcing to Civil Society Organizations in China.” In NGO Governance and Management in China, edited by Reza Hasmath and Jennifer YJ Hsu, 69–88. London: Routledge.
  • Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. 2003. “Libertarian Paternalism.” American Economic Review 93 (2): 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321947001.
  • Thornton, Patricia M. 2013. “The Advance of the Party: Transformation or Takeover of Urban Grassroots Society?” The China Quarterly 213: 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741013000039.
  • Tomba, Luigi. 2005. “Residential Space and Collective Interest Formation in Beijing’s Housing Disputes.” The China Quarterly 184: 934–951. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741005000573.
  • Tsang, Eileen. 2014. The New Middle Class in China: Consumption, Politics and the Market Economy. New York: Springer.
  • Unger, Jonathan, Anita Chan, and Him Chung. 2014. “Deliberative Democracy at China’s Grassroots.” Politics & Society 42 (4): 513–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329214547344.
  • Van Slyke, David M. 2006. “Agents or Stewards: Using Theory to Understand the Government-Nonprofit Social Service Contracting Relationship.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 17 (2): 157–187. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mul012.
  • Walker, Edward T., and Lina M. Stepick. 2014. “Strength in Diversity? Group Heterogeneity in the Mobilization of Grassroots Organizations.” Sociology Compass 8 (7): 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12191.
  • Wang, Zhengxu, Long Sun, Liuqing Xu, and Dragan Pavlićević. 2013. “Leadership in China’s Urban Middle Class Protest: The Movement to Protect Homeowners’ Rights in Beijing.” The China Quarterly 214: 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741013000374.
  • Wang, Zhongyuan, and Su Yun Woo. 2022. “Deliberative Representation: How Chinese Authorities Enhance Political Representation by Public Deliberation.” Journal of Chinese Governance 7 (4): 583–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2020.1870311.
  • Wasserstrom, Jeffrey N. 2009. “China since Tiananmen: Middle-class Mobilization.” Journal of Democracy 20 (3): 29–32. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0090.
  • Webb, Adele. 2017. “Why are the Middle Class Misbehaving? Exploring Democratic Ambivalence and Authoritarian Nostalgia.” Philippine Sociological Review 65 (S1): 77–102.
  • Wong, Yi-Lee. 2010. “Social Mobility and Social Inequality: The Ambivalence of the Middle Class.” Sociological Research Online 15 (2): 17–29. https://doi.org/10.5153/sro.2117.
  • Wu, Fulong. 2018. “Housing Privatization and the Return of the State: Changing Governance in China.” Urban Geography 39 (8): 1177–1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1440126.
  • Xin, Ge, and Jie Huang. 2022. “Party Building in an Unlikely Place? The Adaptive Presence of the Chinese Communist Party in the Non-governmental Organizations (NGO).” Journal of Contemporary China 31 (135): 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2021.1966901.
  • Xu, Qingwen, and Julian C. Chow. 2006. “Urban Community in China: Service, Participation and Development.” International Journal of Social Welfare 15 (3): 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2006.00419.x.
  • Yang, Fan, Zhihan Zhang, and Shizong Wang. 2022. “Enlisting Citizens: Forging the Effectiveness of Policy Implementation in Local China.” Journal of Chinese Governance 7 (3): 400–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/23812346.2020.1846294.
  • Yip, Ngai Ming. 2019. “Housing Activism in Urban China: The Quest for Autonomy in Neighbourhood Governance.” Housing Studies 34 (10): 1635–1653. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2019.1580679.
  • Yu, Wei-hsin. 2008. “The Psychological Cost of Market Transition: Mental Health Disparities in Reform-era China.” Social Problems 55 (3): 347–369. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2008.55.3.347.
  • Zeng, Yu, Junyan Jiang, Jie Li, and Christian Göbel. 2023. “The Rise of Grassroots Civil Society under One-party Rule: The Case of China’s Homeowner Associations.” World Politics 75 (3): 608–646. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2023.a900714.
  • Zhang, Li. 2018. In Search of Paradise: Middle-class Living in a Chinese Metropolis. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Zhao, Wanxia, and Yonghua Zou. 2017. “Un-gating the Gated Community: The Spatial Restructuring of a Resettlement Neighborhood in Nanjing.” Cities 62: 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.12.015.
  • Zhen, Nahui, Sarah Rogers, and Brooke Wilmsen. 2023. “Rural Imaginaries in China’s Three Gorges Region.” Journal of Rural Studies 103: 103131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103131.
  • Zhou, X., H. Lian, L. Ortolano, and Y. Ye. 2013. “A Behavioral Model of ‘Muddling through’ in the Chinese Bureaucracy: The Case of Environmental Protection.” The China Journal 70 (1): 120–147.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.