Publication Cover
Levant
The Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant
Volume 56, 2024 - Issue 1
1,368
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Crisis in motion: the final days of Iron Age I Megiddo

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all

References

  • Albright, W. F. 1936. The Song of Deborah in the light of archaeology. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 62: 26–31.
  • Arie, E. 2006. The Iron Age I pottery: Levels K-5 and K-4 and an intra-site spatial analysis of the pottery from Stratum VIA. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons: 191–298. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 24. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Arie, E. 2011. ‘In the Land of the Valley’: Settlement, Social and Cultural Processes in the Jezreel Valley from the End of the Late Bronze Age to the Formation of the Monarchy. Ph.D. Tel Aviv University.
  • Arie, E. 2013. The Late Bronze III and Iron I pottery: Levels K-6, M-6, M-5, M-4 and H-9. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Cline, E. H. (eds), Megiddo V: The 2004–2008 Seasons: 475–667. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 31. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Arie, E. 2016. Cult niches with octagonal columns. In, Ben-Tor, D. (ed.), Pharaoh in Canaan. The Untold Story: 117–19. Jerusalem: Israel Museum of Jerusalem.
  • Arie, E. 2022. Area H: Levels H-12 to H-10. In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 87–118. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Arie, E. and Nativ, A. 2013. Area K. Part II: Level K-6. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Cline, E. H. (eds), Megiddo V: The 2004–2008 Seasons: 165–75. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 31. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Baby, R. S. 1954. Hopewell cremation practices. Ohio Historical Society Papers in Archaeology 1: 1–7.
  • Berendt, K., Garvie-Lok, S., Mayne Correia, P., Lipschits, O. and Gadot, Y. 2021. Life and death of four individuals in the destruction of the Late Bronze Age city of Azekah, Israel. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 31: 593–604.
  • Berna, F., Behar, A., Shahack-Gross, R., Berg, J., Boaretto, E., Gilboa, A., Sharon, I., Shalev, S., Shilstein, S., Yahalom-Mack, N., Zorn, J. R. and Weiner, S. 2007. Sediments exposed to high temperatures: reconstructing pyrotechnological processes in Late Bronze and Iron Age strata at Tel Dor (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 34: 358 − 73.
  • Bjorkman, J. 1994. Hoards and Deposits in Bronze Age Mesopotamia. PhD. University of Pennsylvania.
  • Boaretto, E. 2022. Radiocarbon dating. In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 1438–46. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Blockman, N. and Sass, B. 2013. The small finds. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Cline, E. H. (eds), Megiddo V: The 2004–2008 Seasons: 866–929. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 31. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Blockman, N. and Finkelstein, I. 2006. Indices of loci. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons: 437–59. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 24. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Cline, E. H. 2011. Whole lotta shakin’ going on: the possible destruction by earthquake of Stratum VIA at Megiddo. In, Finkelstein, I. and Na’aman, N. (eds), The Fire Signals of Lachish: Studies in the Archaeology and History of Israel in the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Persian Period in Honor of David Ussishkin: 55–70. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  • Cline, E. H. 2014. 1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Cradic, M. S. 2018. Residential burial and social memory in the Middle Bronze Age Levant. Near Eastern Archaeology 81: 191–201.
  • Dal Sasso, G., Asscher, Y., Angelini, I., Nodari, L. and Artioli, G. 2018. A universal curve of apatite crystallinity for the assessment of bone integrity and preservation. Scientific Reports 8: 12025.
  • Delvin, J. B. and Herrmann, N. P. 2015. Bone colour. In, Schmidt, C. W. and Symes, S. A. (eds), The Analysis of Burned Human Remains: 119–38. London: Academic Press.
  • Dothan, T. 2002. Bronze and iron objects with cultic connotations from Philistine temple building 350 at Ekron. Israel Exploration Journal 52: 1–27.
  • Driessen, J. 1995. ‘Crisis architecture’? Some observations on architectural adaptations as immediate responses to changing socio-cultural conditions. Topoi 5: 63–88.
  • Duday, H., Cipriani, A. M. and Pearce, J. 2009. The Archaeology of the Dead: Lectures in Archaeothanatology. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Ellingham, S. T. D., Thompson, T. J. U., Islam, M. and Taylor, G. 2015. Estimating temperature exposure of burnt bone — a methodological review. Science and Justice 55: 181 − 88.
  • Engberg, R. M. 1940. Historical analysis of archaeological evidence: Megiddo and the Song of Deborah. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 78: 4–9.
  • Esse, D. L. 1992. The collared pithos at Megiddo: ceramic distribution and ethnicity. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 51: 81–103.
  • Esse, D. L. and Harrison, T. P. 2004. History of excavations. In, Harrison, T. P. (ed.), Megiddo 3. Final Report on the Stratum VI Excavations: 1–6. OIP 127. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Faust, A. 2021. The ‘United Monarchy’ on the ground: the disruptive character of the Iron Age I–II transition and the nature of political transformations. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1: 15–67.
  • Fiaccavento, C. 2014. Destructions as historical markers towards the end of the 2nd and during the 1st millennium BC in southern Levant. In, Nigro, L. (ed.), Overcoming Catastrophes. Essays on Disastrous Agents Characterization and Resilience Strategies in Pre-classical Southern Levant: 205–59. Rome ‘La Sapienza’ Studies on the Archaeology of Palestine and Transjordan 11. Roma: Rome ‘La Sapienza’ Expedition to Palestine and Jordan.
  • Finkelstein, I. 2002. The campaign of Shoshenq I to Palestine: a guide to the 10th century BCE polity. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 118: 109–35.
  • Finkelstein, I. 2003. City-states and states: polity dynamics in the 10th–9th centuries BCE. In, Dever, W. G. and Gitin, S. (eds), Symbiosis, Symbolism and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and their Neighbors: 75–83. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  • Finkelstein, I. 2009. Destructions: Megiddo as a case study. In, Schloen, D. J. (ed.), Exploring the Longue Durée: Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager: 113–26. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  • Finkelstein, I. 2013a. The Forgotten Kingdom: The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel. Ancient Near Eastern Monographs 5. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
  • Finkelstein, I. 2013b. Area M. Part III: another interpretation of the remains — the Nordburg and Chamber f. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Cline, E. H. (eds), Megiddo V: The 2004–2008 Seasons: 228–46. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 31. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Finkelstein, I. 2017. What the Biblical authors knew about Canaan before and in the early days of the Hebrew Kingdoms. Ugarit-Forschungen 48: 173–98.
  • Finkelstein, I. and Kleiman, A. 2019. The archaeology of the days of Baasha? Revue Biblique 126: 277–96.
  • Finkelstein, I. and Piasetzky, E. 2007. Radiocarbon dating and the Late Iron I in northern Canaan: a new proposal. Ugarit-Forschungen 39: 247–60.
  • Finkelstein, I. and Piasetzky, E. 2009. Radiocarbon dated destruction layers: a skeleton for Iron Age chronology in the Levant. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28: 255–74.
  • Finkelstein, I. and Piasetzky, E. in press. New radiocarbon models for the Iron Age in Israel. Semitica et Classica.
  • Finkelstein, I., Arie, E., Martin, M. A. S. and Piasetzky, E. 2017. New evidence on the Late Bronze–Iron I transition at Megiddo: implications for the end of the Egyptian rule and the appearance of Philistine pottery. Egypt and the Levant 27: 261–80.
  • Finkelstein, I., Zimhoni, O. and Kafri, A. 2000. The Iron Age pottery assemblages from Areas F, K and H and their stratigraphic and chronological implications. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons: 244–324. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 18. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Fokkens, H. 1997. The genesis of urnfields: economic crisis or ideological change? Antiquity 71: 360–73.
  • Forget, M. C. L. and Shahack-Gross, R. 2016. How long does it take to burn down an Ancient Near Eastern city? the study of experimentally heated mud-bricks. Antiquity 90: 1213–25.
  • Forget, M. C. L., Regev, L., Friesem, D. E. and Shahack-Gross, R. 2015. Physical and mineralogical properties of experimentally heated chaff-tempered mud bricks: implications for reconstruction of environmental factors influencing the appearance of mud bricks in archaeological conflagration events. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2: 80–93.
  • Gadot, Y. and Finkelstein, I. 2000. Indices of loci. In, Finkelstein, I. Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons: 606–29. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 18. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Gadot, Y. and Yasur-Landau, A. 2006. Beyond finds: reconstructing life in the courtyard building of Level K-4. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons: 583–600. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 24. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Gadot, Y., Martin, M. A. S., Blockman, N. and Arie, E. 2006. Area K (Levels K-5 and K-4, the 1998–2002 seasons). In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons: 87–103. Monographs Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 24. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Gilboa, A., Sharon, I. and Zorn, J. R. 2014. An Iron Age I Canaanite/Phoenician courtyard house at Tel Dor: a comparative architectural and functional analysis. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 372: 39–80.
  • Gottlieb, Y. 2004. The arrowheads and selected aspects of the siege battle. In, Ussishkin, D., The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994): 1907–69. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 22. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Gottlieb, Y. 2015. Beer-Sheba under attack: a study of arrowheads and the story of the destruction of the Iron Age settlement. In, Herzog, Z. and Singer-Avitz, L. (eds), Beer-Sheba III. The Early Iron IIA Enclosed Settlement and the Late Iron IIA–Iron IIB Cities: 1192–28. Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 33. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
  • Guy, P. L. O. and Engberg R. M. 1938. Megiddo Tombs. OIP 33. Chicago.
  • Hall, E. 2016. Hoarding at Tel Megiddo in the Late Bronze Age and Iron Age I. MA. Tel Aviv University.
  • Hall, E. 2021. Hoarding at Megiddo in the Late Bronze and Iron I. Tel Aviv 48: 27–46.
  • Harrison, T. P. 2004. Megiddo 3. Final Report on the Stratum VI Excavations. OIP 127. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Homsher, R. S. and Finkelstein, I. 2018. New light on Schumacher’s Südliches Burgtor at Megiddo. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 150: 296–308.
  • Homsher, R. S. and Kleiman, A. 2022. Area Q: Levels Q-6 to Q-1. In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 119–50. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Ikehara, H. C. 2021. Unfinished monumental projects and institutional crisis in the Early Pre-Columbian Andes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 61: 1–14.
  • Ilan, D. Franklin, N. and Hallote, R. S. 2000. Area F. In, Finkelstein, I. Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons: 75–103. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 18. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Kempinski, A. 1989. Megiddo: A City State and Royal Centre in North Israel. Munich: Beck.
  • Kleiman, A. 2022. The Iron II pottery from Area Q. In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 894–1054. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Kleiman, A., Cohen, M. S., Hall, E., Homsher, R. S. and Finkelstein, I. 2017. Cult activity at Megiddo in the Iron Age: new evidence and a long-term perspective. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 133: 24–52.
  • Kleiman, A., Fantalkin, A., Mommsen, H. and Finkelstein, I. 2019. The date and origin of Black-on-Red ware: the view from Megiddo. American Journal of Archaeology 123: 531–55.
  • Knapp, A. B. 2021. Migration Myths and the End of the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Knapp, A. B., Muhly, J. D. and Muhly, P. M. 1988. To hoard is human: Late Bronze Age metal deposits in Cyprus and the Aegean. Report of the Department of Antiquities Cyprus: 233–62.
  • Knauf, E. A. 2000. Who destroyed Megiddo VIA. Biblische Notizen 103: 30–35.
  • Kochavi, M. 1989. The land of Geshur project: regional archaeology of the southern Golan (1987–1988 seasons). Israel Exploration Journal 39: 1–17.
  • Kreimerman, I. 2016. Siege warfare, conflict and destruction: how are they related? In, Ganor, S., Kreimerman, I., Streit, K. and Mumcuoglu, M., (eds), From Sha‘ar Hagolan to Shaaraim: Essays in Honor of Prof. Yosef Garfinkel: 229–45. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Kreimerman, I. 2017. Skeletons in Bronze and Iron Age destruction contexts in the southern Levant: What do they mean? West and East II: 13–30.
  • Kreimerman, I. 2021. After the flames died down: defeat, destruction, and forced abandonment in the Bronze and Iron Age Levant. In, Streit, K. and Grohmann, M. (eds), Culture of Defeat. Submission in Written Sources and the Archaeological Record. Proceedings of a Joint Seminar of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the University of Vienna, October 2017: 229–60. Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
  • La Barre, W. 1971. Materials for a history of studies of crisis cults: a bibliographic essay. Current Anthropology 12: 3–44.
  • Lamon, R. S. and Shipton, G. M. 1939. Megiddo I: Seasons of 1925–1934: Strata I–V. OIP 42. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Langgut, D., Finkelstein, I. and Litt, T. 2013. Climate and the Late Bronze collapse: new evidence from the southern Levant. Tel Aviv 40: 149–75.
  • Lee, S., Bronk Ramsey, C. and Mazar, A. 2013. Iron Age chronology in Israel: results from modeling with a trapezoidal Bayesian framework. Radiocarbon 55.2–3: 731–40.
  • Lehmann, G. 2021. The emergence of early Phoenicia. Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology 1: 272–324.
  • Lehmann, G. and Varoner, O. 2018. Early Iron Age tombs in northern Israel revisited. Tel Aviv 45: 235–72.
  • Lehmann, G., Killebrew, A. and Gadot, Y. 2000. Area K. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons: 123–39. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 18. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Loud, G. 1948. Megiddo II: Seasons 1935–39. OIP 62. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
  • Maisler, B. 1951. The stratification of Tell Abū Huwâm on the bay of Acre. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 124: 21–25.
  • Marco, S., Agnon, A., Finkelstein, I. and Ussishkin, D. 2006. Megiddo earthquakes. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons: 568–75. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 24. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Martin, M. A. S. 2022. Area K: summary of architecture and function from the MB III to the late Iron I. In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 51–62. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Martin, M. A. S., Schaeffer, M. and Homsher, R. S. 2022a. Area K: Levels K-10, K-9 and K-8. In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 21–50, 61–62. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Martin, M. A. S., Cradic, M. S. and Kalisher, R. 2022b. Area K: intramural pit and jar burials (Level K-10). In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 226–307. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Mazar, A. 1980. Excavations at Tell Qasile. Part One. The Philistine Sanctuary: Architecture and Cult Objects. Qedem 12. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • Mazar, A. 1985. The emergence of the Philistine material culture. Israel Exploration Journal 35: 95–107.
  • Mazar, A. 2007. Review of Megiddo 3: final report on the Stratum VI excavations, by Timothy P. Harrison. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 35: 83–87.
  • Mazar, A. 2020. The Tel Reḥov excavations: overview and synthesis. In, Mazar, A. and Panitz-Cohen, N. (eds), Tel Reḥov: A Bronze and Iron Age City in the Beth-Shean Valley, Volume I: 69–140. Qedem 59. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • Mazar, A. 2022. Destruction events. Their identification, causes, and aftermath — some test cases. In, Berlejung, A., Maeir, A. M. and Oshima, T. M. (eds), Writing and Re-Writing History by Destruction. Proceedings of the Annual Minerva Center RIAB Conference, Leipzig, 2018: 7–26. ORA 45. Tubingen: Mohr Siebeck: Tübingen.
  • Millek, J. M. 2020. Exchange, Destruction, and a Transitioning Society: Interregional Exchange in the Southern Levant from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron I. Ressourcenkulturen 9. Tübingen: Tübingen University Press.
  • Münger, S., Zangenberg, J. and Pakkala, J. 2011. Kinnereth: an urban center at the crossroads: excavations on Iron IB Tel Kinrot at the Lake of Galilee. Near Eastern Archaeology 74: 68–90.
  • Nagar, Y. 2006. Human skeletal remains. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons: 471–72. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 24. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Redding, R. W. 1981. Decision Making in Subsistence Herding of Sheep and Goats in the Middle East. PhD. University of Michigan.
  • Redding, R. W. 1984. Theoretical determinants of a herder’s decisions: modeling variation in the sheep/goat ratio. In, Clutton-Brock, J. and Grigson, C. (eds), Animals and Archaeology: Early Herders and their Flocks: 223–41. BAR International Series 202. Oxford: BAR International.
  • Redding, R. W. 2010. Status and diet at the workers’ town, Giza, Egypt. In, Campana, D. V., Crabtree, P., DeFrance, S. D., Lev-Tov, J. and Choyke, A. (eds), Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology: Complexity, Colonialism, and Animal Transformations: 65–75. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Regev, L., Poduska, K. M., Addadi, L., Weiner, S. and Boaretto, E. 2010. Distinguishing between calcites formed by different mechanisms using infrared spectrometry: archaeological applications. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 3022–29.
  • Regev, L., Cabanes, D., Homsher, R. S., Kleiman, A., Weiner, S., Finkelstein, I. and Shahack-Gross, R. 2015. Geoarchaeological investigation in a domestic Iron Age quarter, Tel Megiddo, Israel. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 374: 135–74.
  • Sameora, G. and Adams. M. J. 2022. The human remains (1998, 2004 and 2006). In, Finkelstein, I. and Martin, M. A. S. (eds), Megiddo VI: The 2010–2014 Seasons: 443–51. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 39. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Sapir-Hen, L. Forthcoming. Food offerings in a royal tomb: Faunal remains from Megiddo Tomb 50 and Burial 16/H/45.
  • Sapir-Hen, L., Sasson, A., Kleiman, A. and Finkelstein, I. 2016. Social stratification in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages: an intra site investigation at Megiddo. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 35: 43–69.
  • Sapir-Hen, L., Fulton, D. N., Adams, M. J. and Finkelstein, I. 2022. The temple and the town at Early Bronze Age I Megiddo: faunal evidence for the emergence of complexity. Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research 387: 207–20.
  • Sass, B. and Cinamon, G. 2006. The small finds. In, Finkelstein, I., Ussishkin, D. and Halpern, B. (eds), Megiddo IV: The 1998–2002 Seasons: 353–425. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 24. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Schumacher, G. 1908. Tell el-Mutesellim I. Leipzig: Rudolf Haupt.
  • Shahack-Gross, R., Shaar, R., Hassul, E., Ebert, Y., Forget, M., Nowaczyk, N., Marco, S., Finkelstein, I. and Agnon, A. 2018. Fire and collapse: untangling the formation of destruction layers using archaeomagnetism. Geoarchaeology 33: 513–28.
  • Shipman, P., Foster, G. and Schoeninger, M. 1984. Burnt bones and teeth: an experimental study of color, morphology, crystal structure and shrinkage. Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 307–25.
  • Stiner, M. C., Weiner, S., Bar-Yosef, O. and Kuhn, S. L. 1995. Differential burning, fragmentation, and preservation of archaeological bone. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 223 − 37.
  • Symes, S., Rainwater, C. W., Chapman, E. N., Gipson, D. R. and Piper, A. L. 2015. Patterned thermal destruction in a forensic setting. In, Schmidt, C. W. and Symes, S. A. (eds), The Analysis of Burned Human Remains: 17–60. London: Academic Press.
  • Tamorri, V. 2019. Taphonomic approaches to funerary evidence in times of collapse and crisis. In, Perego, E., Scopacasa, R. and Amicone, S. (eds), Collapse or Survival: Micro-Dynamics of Crisis and Endurance in the Ancient Central Mediterranean: 92–139. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Toffolo, M. B., Arie, E., Martin, M. A. S., Boaretto, E. and Finkelstein, I. 2014. Absolute chronology of Megiddo, Israel, in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages: high-resolution radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 56: 221–44.
  • Ubelaker, D. 2009. The forensic evaluation of burned skeletal remains: a synthesis. Forensic Science International 183: 1–5.
  • Ussishkin, D. 1995. The destruction of Megiddo at the end of the Late Bronze Age and its historical significance. Tel Aviv 22: 240–67.
  • Ussishkin, D. 2004. Area P: the Level VI temple. In, Ussishkin, D. (ed.), The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994): 215–81. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 22. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Archaeology Press.
  • Ussishkin, D. 2018. Megiddo-Armageddon. The Story of the Canaanite and Israelite City. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
  • Watzinger, C. 1929. Tell el-Mutesellim II. Die Funde. Leipzig.
  • Weiner, S. 2010. Microarchaeology: Beyond the Visible Archaeological Record. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Weiner, S. and Bar-Yosef, Y. 1990. States of preservation of bones from prehistoric sites in the Near East: a survey. Journal of Archaeological Science 17: 187 − 96.
  • Whyte, T. R. 2001. Distinguishing remains of human cremations from burned animal bones. Journal of Field Archaeology 28: 437–48.
  • Yadin, Y. 1970. Megiddo of the Kings of Israel. Biblical Archaeologist 33: 65–96.
  • Zarzecki-Peleg, A. 2016. Yadin’s Expedition to Megiddo: Final Report of the Archaeological Excavations (1960, 1966, 1967 and 1971/1972 Seasons). Qedem 56. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
  • Zeder, M. A. 2006. Reconciling rates of long bone fusion and tooth eruption and wear in sheep (ovis) and goat (capra). In, Ruscillo, D. (ed.), Recent Advances in Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones: 297–312. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Zeder, M. A. and Lapham, H. A. 2010. Assessing the reliability of criteria used to identify postcranial bones in sheep, ovis, and goats, capra. Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2887–2905.
  • Zuckerman, S. 2007. Anatomy of a destruction: crisis architecture, termination rituals and the fall of Canaanite Hazor. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20: 3–32.