Resolving Rapprochement Challenges: The Process of Metabolizing Love-Fueling Development, Therapeutic Growth, Reparation, and Healing

References

• Bandura, A. 2016. Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. New York: Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Behrends, R. S., and S. J. Blatt. 1985. Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 40 (1):11–39. doi:10.1080/00797308.1985.11823022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergler, E. 1947. Specific types of resistance in orally regressed neurotics. Psychoanalytic Review 34:58–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergman, A. 2005. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman, A. 2008. Taming the wild things in a treatment from early childhood to adult motherhood and beyond. Journal of Infant, Child & Adolescent Psychotherapy 7 (3–4):218–30. doi:10.1080/15289160802511677.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman, A., I. Blom, D. Polyak, and L. Mayers. 2015. Attachment and separation–individuation: Two ways of looking at the mother–infant relationship. International Forum of Psychoanalysis 24 (1):16–21. doi:10.1080/0803706X.2014.893390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, A., and M. F. Fahey. 1999. Ours, yours, mine: Mutuality and the emergence of the separate self. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman, A., and I. Harpaz-Rotem. 2004. Revisiting rapprochement in the light of contemporary developmental theories. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 52 (2):555–69. doi:10.1177/00030651040520020301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanck, G., and R. Blanck. 1993. Separation-individuation: An organizing principle. In Rapprochement: The critical subphase of separation-individuation, ed. R. F. Lax, S. Bach, and J. A. Burland, 101–16. New York: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Blatt, S. J. 2008. Polarities of experience: Relatedness and self-definition in personality development, psychopathology, and the therapeutic process. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Blatt, S. J., and R. S. Behrends. 1987. Internalization, separation-individuation, and the nature of therapeutic action. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 68:279–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blos, P. 1967. The second individuation process of adolescence. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 22 (1):162–86. doi:10.1080/00797308.1967.11822595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blum, H. 1996. Perspectives on internalization, consolidation, and change: Concluding reflections. In The internal mother: Conceptual and technical aspects of object constancy, ed. S. Akhtar, S. Kramer, and H. Parens, 173–201. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Blum, H. P. 1981. The forbidden quest and the analytic ideal: The superego and insight. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 50 (4):535–56. doi:10.1080/21674086.1981.11926970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, B. 1949. The analysis of a phobic child—some problems of theory and technique in child analysis. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 3 (1):181–226. doi:10.1080/00797308.1947.11823085.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. 1969. Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. 1973. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bretherton, I. 1999. Updating the ‘internal working model’ construct: Some reflections. Attachment & Human Devel 1 (3):343–57. doi:10.1080/14616739900134191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brockhurst, J., C. Cheleuitte-Nieves, C. L. Buckmaster, A. F. Schatzberg, and D. M. Lyons. 2015. Stress inoculation modeled in mice. Translational Psychiatry 5 (3). doi:10.1038/tp.2015.34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carey, B. 2006. When death is on the docket, the moral compass wavers. New York Times, February 7. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/07/health/psychology/when-death-is-on-the-docket-the-moral-compass-wavers.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, C. S. 2022. Oxytocin and love: Myths, metaphors, and mysteries. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology 9:100–07. doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100107.
   Google Scholar
• Cath, S. 1977. Loss and restitution in late life. In The seasons of life: Separation individuation perspectives, ed. S. Akhtar and S. Kramer, 129–56. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Colarusso, C. A. 2000. Separation-individuation phenomena in adulthood: General concepts and the fifth individuation. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 48 (4):1467–89. doi:10.1177/00030651000480040601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craige, H. 2002. Mourning analysis: The post-termination phase. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 50 (2):507–50. doi:10.1177/00030651020500021001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, R. J. 2003. Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis. Psychophysiology 40:655–65. doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, N. I. 2011. The pain of social disconnection: Examining the shared neural underpinnings of physical and social pain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13 (6):421–28. doi:10.1038/nrn3231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, M. 1995. Thoughts without a thinker. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, M. 2022. The Zen of therapy: Uncovering a hidden kindness in life. New York: Penguin Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P. 2003. The development of psychopathology from infancy to adulthood: The mysterious unfolding of disturbance in time. Infant Mental Health Journal 24 (3):212–39. doi:10.1002/imhj.10053.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. 2014. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. In The science of well-being, ed. F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis, and B. Keverne, 217–38. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. 2014. Love 2.0: Creating happiness and health in moments of connection. New York: Plume.
   Google Scholar
• Fujiwara, T., M. Ochi, and M. Osawa. 2014. Association of temperament and social behavior with oxytocin levels among toddlers. Paediatrics & Health 2 (1):2. doi:10.7243/2052-935X-2-2.
   Google Scholar
• Fujiwara, T., O. Weisman, M. Ochi, K. Shirai, K. Matsumoto, E. Noguchi, and R. Feldman. 2019. Genetic and peripheral markers of the oxytocin system and parental care jointly support the cross-generational transmission of bonding across three generations. Psychoneuroendocrinology 102:172–81. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, C., N. Kaplan, and M. Main. 1996. Adult attachment interview. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Gribbin, J. 2004. Deep simplicity: Bringing order to chaos and complexity. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Grinberg, L. 1964. Two kinds of guilt—their relations with normal and pathological aspects of mourning. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 45:366–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpaz-Rotem, I., and A. Bergman. 2006. On an evolving theory of attachment: Rapprochement—theory of a developing mind. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 61 (1):170–89. doi:10.1080/00797308.2006.11800769.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffer, W. 1955. Psychoanalysis: Practical and research aspects. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, L. 2007. Do children get better when we interpret their defenses against painful feelings? The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 62 (1):291–313. doi:10.1080/00797308.2007.11800793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horner, A. J. 1985. Treating the oedipal patient in brief psychotherapy. New York: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, D. 1997. Facilitating developmental attachment: The road to emotional recovery and behavioral change in foster and adopted children. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Hurvich, M. 2003. The place of annihilation anxieties in psychoanalytic theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 51 (2):579–616. doi:10.1177/00030651030510020801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaques, E. 1965. Death and the mid-life crisis. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 46 (4):502–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, L. J. 1978. Oneness and separateness: From infant to individual. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Karen, R. 1998. Becoming attached: First relationships and how they shape our capacity to love. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Karen, R. 2003. The forgiving self: The road from resentment to connection. New York: Anchor Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O. F., and J. A. Burland. 1980. Developmental theory, structural organization, and psychoanalytic technique. In Rapprochement: The critical subphase of separation-individuation, ed. R. Lax and S. Bach, 23–28. New York: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M. 1984. Envy and gratitude. In Envy and gratitude and other works, New York: Free Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, R. 2022. Reconsidering development in psychoanalysis. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 75 (1):215–32. doi:10.1080/00797308.2021.1996123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kris, A. O. 1976. On wanting too much: The ’exceptions’ revisited. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 57 (1–2):85–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyons, D. M., K. J. Parker, M. Katz, and A. F. Schatzberg. 2009. Developmental cascades linking stress inoculation, arousal regulation, and resilience. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 3:675–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons-Ruth, K. 1991. Rapprochement or approchement: Mahler’s theory reconsidered from the vantage point of recent research on early attachment relationships. Psychoanalytic Psychology 8:1–23. doi:10.1037/h0079237. 1
   Google Scholar
• Mahler, M. S. 1968. On human symbiosis and the vicissitudes of individuation. New York: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahler, M. S. 1975. On the current status of the infantile neurosis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 23 (2):327–33. doi:10.1177/000306517502300205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahler, M. S. 1988. The memoirs of Margaret S. Mahler. ed. P. Stepansky. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mahler, M. S., F. Pine, and A. Bergman. 1975. The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Matte-Blanco, I. 1941. On introjection and the process of psychic metabolism. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 22:17–36.
   Google Scholar
• Mayo, O., and I. Gordon. 2020. In and out of synchrony—Behavioral and physiological dynamics of dyadic interpersonal coordination. Psychophysiology 57 (6). doi: 10.1111/psyp.13574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B., and E. Lasley. 2002. The end of stress as we know it. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam-Webster. 2023a. Heal: Definition & meaning. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/heal.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam-Webster. 2023b. Rapprochement. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rapprochement.
   Google Scholar
• Michel, F. 2003. The power of the relationship: A film portrait of Dr. Anni Bergman. New York: Base One Productions; Child Development Media.
   Google Scholar
• Modell, A. H. 1968. Object love and reality. New York: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Naviaux, R. K. 2019a. Incomplete healing as a cause of aging: The role of mitochondria and the cell danger response. Biology 8:27. doi:10.3390/biology8020027.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naviaux, R. K. 2019b. Metabolic features and regulation of the healing cycle—A new model for chronic disease pathogenesis and treatment. Mitochondrion 46:278–97. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2018.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick, J., and K. K. Novick. 1991. Some comments on masochism and the delusion of omnipotence from a developmental perspective. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 39 (2):307–31. doi:10.1177/000306519103900201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick, J., and K. K. Novick. 2001. Two systems of self-regulation. Psychoanalytic Social Work 8 (3–4):95–122. doi:10.1300/J032v08n03_06.
   Google Scholar
• Novick, J., and K. K. Novick. 2004. The superego and the two-system model. Psychoanalytic Inquiry 24 (2):232–56. doi:10.1080/07351692409349081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novick, J., and K. K. Novick. 2010. Emotional muscle: Strong parents, strong children. Bloomington, IN: Xlibris.
   Google Scholar
• Novick, J., and K. K. Novick. 2016. Freedom to choose: Two systems of self-regulation. New York: International Psychoanalytic Books (IPBooks).
   Google Scholar
• Novick, J., and K. K. Novick. 2022. Training life-cycle psychoanalysts: Integrated psychoanalytic education. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 75 (1):343–51. doi:10.1080/00797308.2021.2006555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxford Review. 2023. Moral disengagement: The Oxford review encyclopaedia of terms. https://oxford-review.com/oxford-review-encyclopaedia-terms/moral-disengagement.
   Google Scholar
• Parens, H. 1979. The development of aggression in early childhood [with the editorial assistance of R. A. Parens]. New York: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Parens, H. (2021). Escape from the Holocaust. Main Line Television, Internet Archive. Accessed November 18. https://archive.org/details/mltvpav-Dr_Henri_Parens_Escape_from_the_holocaust.
   Google Scholar
• Perry, B. D. 1998. Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaptation: A neurodevelopmental view of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 7 (1):33–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, B. D. 2006. Applying principles of neurodevelopment to clinical work with maltreated and traumatized children: The neurosequential model of therapeutics. In Working with traumatized children and youth in child welfare. In Working with traumatized children and youth in child welfare. ed. N. B. Webb, 27–52. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pine, F. 2004. Mahler’s concepts of “symbiosis” and separation-individuation: Revisited, reevaluated, refined. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 52:511–33. doi:10.1177/00030651040520021001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, H. 1971. A clinical approach to the psychoanalytic theory of the life and death instincts: An investigation into the aggressive aspects of narcissism. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 52 (2):169–78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Safan-Gerard, D. 1998. Bearable and unbearable guilt: A Kleinian perspective. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 67 (3):351–78. doi:10.1080/00332828.1998.12006047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, L. W. 1983. Polarity, paradox, and the organizing process of development. In Frontiers of infant psychiatry, ed. J. D. Call, E. Galenson, and R. L. Tyson, 333–45. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Segal, H. 1976. Introduction to the work of Melanie Klein. London: Hogarth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Settlage, C. F. 1992. Psychoanalytic observations on adult development in life and in the therapeutic relationship. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 15:349–74.
   Google Scholar
• Settlage, C. F. 1994. On the contribution of separation-individuation theory to psychoanalysis: Developmental process, pathogenesis, therapeutic process, and technique. In Mahler and Kohut: Perspectives on development, psychopathology, and technique, ed. S. Kramer and S. Akhtar, 17–52. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Shengold, L. 2004. A brief psychoanalytic note on Wordsworth, poetic creativity, and love. American Poetry Review 33:27–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singletary, W. M. 1987. Jonathan Borofsky’s art and the healing process. In The humanities: From a medical point of view, ed. J. D. Newell and I. W. Gabrielson, 73–88. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• Singletary, W. M. 2000. Emotional diabetes: A syndrome of hostile self-and object constancy. Paper presented at meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Chicago, IL, May.
   Google Scholar
• Singletary, W. M. 2001. Changing hateful feelings back to loving feelings: The work of child analysis—discussion of Herbert Schlesinger’s chapter, “technical problems in analyzing the mourning patient. In Three faces of mourning: Melancholia, manic defense, and moving on, ed. S. Akhtar. Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Singletary, W. M. 2005. Forgiveness and the intrapsychic process of object constancy: Discussion of Akhtar’s chapter “forgiveness.”. In The language of emotions: Development, psychopathology, and technique, ed. S. Akhtar and H. Blum. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Singletary, W. M. 2007. Safety or danger: A reconsideration of the concept of object constancy. Paper presented in honor of Dr. Anni Bergman, Inst. for Psychoanal. Training & Research, New York, November 16.
   Google Scholar
• Singletary, W. M. 2013. Pinocchio’s journey to a “good heart”: Guilt, reparation, and transformation. In Guilt: Origins, manifestations, and management, ed. S. Akhtar, 15–27. New York: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Singletary, W. M. 2024. Building on attachment: Metabolizing love, loving connections, and health, or refusing love, loneliness, and illness (in preparation).
   Google Scholar
• Spitz, R. A. 1945. Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1 (1):53–74. doi:10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steiner, J. 1993. Psychic retreats: Pathological organizations in psychotic, neurotic, and borderline patients. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tronick, E. Z., and M. Beeghly. 2011. Infants’ meaning-making and the development of mental health problems. American Psychologist 66:107–19. doi:10.1037/a0021631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillant, G. E. 2012. Triumphs of experience: The men of the Harvard Grant Study. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Waldinger, R. J., and M. S. Schulz. 2023. A good life: Lessons from the world’s longest scientific study of happiness. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Wazana, A., E. Székely, and T. Oberlander. 2021. Prenatal stress and child development. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, H. 1957. Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. S. 2007. Evolution for everyone: How Darwin’s theory can change the way we think about our lives. New York: Delacorte Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott, D. W. 1958. The capacity to be alone. The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 39 (5):416–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winnicott, D. W. 1974. Fear of breakdown. The International Review of Psycho-Analysis 1:103–07.
   Google Scholar